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941.
Theo Lieven Bianca Grohmann Andreas Herrmann Jan R. Landwehr Miriam van Tilburg 《心理学和销售学》2014,31(5):371-385
Brand personality has been suggested as an important source of consumer‐based brand equity, yet empirical research on the relation between brand personality perceptions and brand equity is scarce. This article examines the link between masculine and feminine brand personality and brand equity as well as the underlying process of this relationship. Study 1 reported herein involves 140 existing brands and demonstrates that high levels of brand masculinity and femininity relate positively to brand equity, and that this relation is not moderated by participants’ sex. Study 2 demonstrates that brand gender accounts for brand equity ratings above and beyond other brand personality dimensions. Study 3 identifies ease of categorization as the underlying mechanism for the relationship between brand gender and brand equity. 相似文献
942.
Since the global financial and economic crisis, the question has arisen whether a policy of wage restraint could lead the European crisis countries back onto a more stable growth path. Using simulation calculations for varying wage setting strategies in Europe through 2030, the advantages and disadvantages of such a scenario can be discussed. One of the main findings is that temporary wage restraint in the economically weak countries only works as a means to regaining competitiveness if accompanied by other economic policies at the European level. These policies include higher wage growth in the economically stronger countries, transfer payments to foster investments and the acceptance of higher inflation rates in the eurozone. 相似文献
943.
Erik Berglof 《Intereconomics》2016,51(6):335-340
Europe, like many of the world’s advanced economies, is facing a fundamental growth challenge. Growth has slowed in the wake of the global financial crisis, as investment has decreased and the legacy of non-performing loans and uncertainty about the institutional arrangements established in response to the crisis are likely to be with us for years. However, the evidence suggests that this slowdown started before the crisis, as improvements in productivity did not come at the same pace as in the past. 相似文献
944.
Kai Carstensen Jan Hagen Oliver Hossfeld Abelardo Salazar Neaves 《Scottish journal of political economy》2009,56(1):73-93
In this paper, we analyze the money demand functions of the four largest EMU countries and of the four-country (EMU-4) aggregate. We identify reasonable and stable money demand relationships for Germany, France and Spain as well as the EMU-4 aggregate. For the case of Italy, results are less clear. From the estimated money demand functions, we derive both EMU-4 and country-specific measures of money overhang. We find that the EMU-4 overhang measure strongly correlates with the country-specific measures, particularly since the start of EMU, and is useful to predict country-specific inflation. However, it generally does not encompass country-specific money overhang measures as predictors of inflation. Hence, aggregate money overhang is an important, but by far not an exhaustive, indicator for the disaggregate level. 相似文献
945.
This paper presents the results of an experimental study on unemployment benefit sanctions. The experimental set-up allows us to distinguish between the effect of benefit sanctions once they are imposed (the ex post effect) and the threat of getting a benefit sanction imposed (the ex ante effect). We find that both effects matter. Moreover, the ex ante effect turns out to be substantial and bigger than the ex post effect. Benefits sanctions stimulate the outflow from unemployment. 相似文献
946.
The paper re-examines Rogoff's [Rogoff, K., 1985. The Optimal Degree of Commitment to an Intermediate Monetary Target. Quarterly Journal of Economics 100, 1169–1189.] influential monetary policy result. It shows that responses of a conservative central banker and the resulting macroeconomic outcomes may be substantially different if interactions with (ambitious) fiscal policy are taken into account. 相似文献
947.
Sander van Triest Maurice J. G. Bun Erik M. van Raaij Maarten J. A. Vernooij 《Marketing Letters》2009,20(2):125-138
We study the effects of customer-specific marketing expenses on customer retention and customer profitability in a business-to-business
setting. Using data from a company providing hygiene services, we look at the impact of a hitherto unstudied type of expense
targeted at individual customer relationships: the offering of free equipment to customers. The data allow tracking the activities
performed in more than 4,500 customer relationships over a period of 4 years. Retention rates are higher for customers targeted
with free equipment, but this effect results from an interaction with customer size. First-order dynamic panel data analyses
show that the impact of targeted marketing expenses on customer dollar profit is positive for large customers, but there is
no effect for smaller customers. Thus, targeted marketing expenses seem to be a tool for relationship maintenance rather than
customer development: they help in retaining large customers that generate more profit, but they do not seem to work in developing
new customers into larger, more profitable ones. 相似文献
948.
Procurement auctions carry substantial risk when the value of the project is highly uncertain and known only to insiders.
This paper reports the results from a series of experiments comparing the performance of three auction formats in such complex
and risky settings. In the experiment, every bidder knows the private value for the project but only a single insider bidder
knows the common-value part. In addition to the standard second-price and English auctions we test the “qualifying auction,”
a two-stage format commonly used in the sale of complex and risky assets. The qualifying auction has a fully “revealing” equilibrium
that implements the revenue-maximizing outcome but it also has an uninformative “babbling” equilibrium in which bidders place
arbitrarily high bids in the first stage. In the experiments, the latter equilibrium has more drawing power, which causes
the qualifying auction to perform worse than the English auction and only slightly better than a sealed-bid second-price auction.
Compared to the two other formats, the English auction is roughly 40% more efficient, yields 50% more revenues, avoids windfall
profits for the insider, while protecting uninformed bidders from losses. 相似文献
949.
Jaap
De Wit Jan Veldhuis Guillaume Burghouwt Hidenobu Matsumoto 《Pacific Economic Review》2009,14(5):639-650
This paper measures and compares the network performance and hub competitive position of primary airports in the Asia‐Pacific rim, taking into account the quantity and quality of both direct and indirect connections. The results reveal that Tokyo has the best network performance and hub competitive position. The most striking growth of network development is found at Chinese airports, while network performance deteriorates at Oceanian airports. Finally, the results show that the position of Oneworld and Star Alliance is stronger in this region, whereas SkyTeam has an innegligible position especially at Japanese airports, owing to the fifth and sixth freedom rights. 相似文献
950.
Using investment policy data of 857 Dutch pension funds during 1999–2006, we develop three indicators of investor sophistication. The indicators show that pension funds’ strategic portfolio choices are often based on coarse and less sophisticated approaches. First, most pension funds round strategic asset allocations to the nearest multiple of 5%, similar to age heaping in demographic and historical studies. Second, many pension funds invest little or nothing in alternative, more complex asset classes, resulting in limited asset diversification. Third, many pension funds favor regional investments and as such do not fully employ the opportunities of international risk diversification. Our indicators are correlated with pension fund size, in line with the expectation that smaller pension funds are generally less sophisticated than large pension funds. Using the indicators for investor sophistication, we show that less sophisticated pension funds tend to opt for investment strategies with less risk. 相似文献