The case for inflation stability

We evaluate the case for inflation stabilization in a New Keynesian (NNS) model that includes various frictions, capital accumulation and a variety of shocks. In such a model, price rigidity may provide the monetary authorities with an opportunity to improve upon the inefficient flexible price equilibrium via the suitable cyclical manipulation of real marginal costs. We find that such an opportunity is of limited value and that a strong case for perfect inflation stabilization remains. Policies that tolerate a small amount of inflation variability may outperform perfect inflation targeting when capital adjustment costs are low and the monetary distortion is substantial but only if prices are very flexible.     

Third Parties and Contract Design: The Case of Contracts for Technology Transfer

Given the challenges associated with drafting technology‐transfer contracts, we examine decisions to involve third parties offering technical or legal support in the contract‐drafting process. We first argue that the attributes of the transaction are key drivers of third‐party involvement. We then draw on the behavioral theory of the firm to develop arguments regarding the influence of third parties on contract complexity. Our results reveal that the involvement of legal third parties tends to magnify the contract's overall complexity. In contrast, the involvement of technical third parties reduces the inclusion of monitoring provisions and increases the inclusion of coordination provisions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Is It Possible to Construct Derivatives for the Paris Residential Market?

Index-based derivatives markets are fast developing in Europe, the US and Asia. Both valuation based and transactions based indices are used as bases for these derivatives contracts. This paper addresses the issue of revision effects on key index parameters, and their implications for derivatives pricing and questions whether these indices may be suitable for derivatives. More specifically, we address the issue of the robustness of the price level, mean, and volatility estimates for two repeat sales real estate price indices: the classical Weighted Repeat Sales (WRS) method and a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) factorial method, as elaborated in Baroni et al. (J Real Estate Res, 29(2):137–158, 2007). Our work is an extension of Clapham et al. (Real Estate Econ, 34(2):275–302, 2006), with the aim of helping judge the efficiency of such indices in designing real estate derivatives. We use an extensive repeat sales database for the Paris (France) residential market. We describe the dataset used and compute the parameters (index price level, trend and volatility) of the indices produced over the period 1982–2005. We then test the sensitivity of these two indices to revisions due to additional repeat-sales transactions information. Our analysis is conducted on the overall Paris market as well as on sub-markets. Our main conclusion is that even if the revision problem may cause substantial concern for the stability of key parameters that are used as inputs in the pricing of derivatives contracts, the order of magnitude of revision on derivatives pricing is not sufficient to deter market participants when it comes to products such a swap contract or insurance contracts against severe losses. We also show that WRS and PCA react differently to revision. The impact of index revision is non negligible in estimating the index price level for both indices. This result is consistent with existing literature for the US and Swedish markets. Price level revision causes moderate concern when trading products such as index futures or price insurance contracts, but could deter option like products. We show that managing this price level revision risk is similar to delta hedging in standard option pricing theory. We also find that although revision impact on index trend can be important, the WRS method seems more robust than PCA. However, the trend revision impact order of magnitude for contracts such as total return swaps is low. Finally, revision influence on volatility estimates seems to have a modest impact on derivatives, and according to the robustness of the volatility estimate, the PCA factorial index seems to fare relatively better than the WRS index. Hence, our findings show that the factorial index could better sustain volatility based derivatives. We also show that whatever the index, managing this volatility revision risk is similar to vega hedging in option pricing theory.

La participation des populations au financement des soins de santé: Synthèse des expériences et perspectives pour la santé publique

Résumé: Les pays en développement, notamment au lendemain des indépendances, ont presque toujours adopté la gratuité des soins de santé comme principe de fonctionnement des structures publiques de sané. L'Etat était supposé financer ces soins. Le niveau du financement était relativement modeste, mais on avait l'espoir que la situation allait s'améliorer. La crise économique, au milieu des années 70, est apparue, engendrant une réduction des finances publiques dans ces pays. Des ressources additionnelles s'avéraient nécessaires pour soutenir le développement des systémes de sané. L'aide extérieure n'étant qu'une solution partielle, il fallait par conséquent trouver d'autres sources de financement. La participation des populations au financement des soins de santé apparaît alors comme un palliatif. C'est la pénurie des ressources financitéres de l'Etat qui entraîne son adoption et elle est généralement jugée à I'aulne de ce seul objectif. Cet article vise deux objectifs. Premiérement, un schéma d'analyse économique est présenté pour mieux comprendre I'impact de I'introduction d'une participation financière des populations sur la demande de soins de santé. Deuxièmement, il cherche à montrer comment un système de partage des coûts peut être utilisé par I'Etat pour mettre en place une politique de santé publique. Cet article est basé sur un rapport élaboré par le Bureau de la Coopération Internationale de I'Organisation Mondiale de la Santéà Genéve. Ce rapport est destiné surtout à ceux qui sont impliqués dans la prise de décision et le suivi quotidien des actions dans les pays les plus démunis, notamment ceux de I'Afrique au Sud du Sahara. Abstract: In almost all developing countries, especially during the post-independence period, free medical care was adopted as the fundamental principle of operation of the public health services. The governments were required to finance this care and the level of financing was relatively modest, though it was hoped that the situation would improve. The economic crisis emerging in the mid-70's had the effect of reducing these countries' public finances. Additional resources because necessary to support the development of health systems. Since external aid provided only a partial solution, other sources of financing had to be sought. The population's involvement in health financing was thus seen as a palliative measure. It was adopted in view of the scarcity of public funds, and is generally judged from that sole standpoint. This article has two objectives. Firstly, it presents an economic analysis, for a clearer understanding of the impact of the populations' financial participation on the demand for health care. Secondly, it seeks to show how governments can use a shared-cost system in putting in place a public health policy. This article draws from a report prepared by the International Cooperation Bureau of the World Health Organization, Geneva. The report particularly addresses persons involved in decision-making and day-to-day monitoring of action taken in the poorer countries, such as those of sub-Saharan Africa.     

Why Might Organic Labels Fail to Influence Consumer Choices? Marginal Labelling and Brand Equity Effects

An organic label offers a market signal for producers of organic food products. In Western economies, the label has gained high recognition, but organic food still represents a small part of total food consumption, which raises questions about the label's efficacy. By considering organic labels as a signal of quality for consumers, this article studies how this signal interacts with brand signals when both are visible to consumers, applying a cobranding framework. This research examines the moderating effect of the brand on organic label effects. In a 2 × 2 experimental design using real consumers (N = 122) in a shopping context, it found that, depending on brand equity, the marginal effect of organic labelling information in terms of perceived product quality varies. In particular, when brand equity is high (low), the organic label appears less (more) effective. However, regardless of the brand equity level, an organic label makes the environmentally friendly attribute salient, which has a positive impact on perceived quality. Pertinent implications for marketing and public policy are discussed.     

Global Issues in Selecting Athlete Endorsers for National Markets: A Macroinvestigation

ABSTRACT

Little advertising research explores the role of culture in selecting celebrity endorsers. The purpose of this study is to explore how the selection process of athlete endorsers is shaped by national contexts. Based on interviews with advertising practitioners in 10 countries, the study reveals similarities in practitioners’ thinking across countries on a variety of matters related to athlete endorsement. It reveals the importance given by practitioners to the “cultural attractiveness” of national athlete endorsers when using them to connect with their national audience and shows that the selection process depends greatly on various cultural pressures linked to sporting traditions of each country. The study also shows how practitioners believe that athlete endorsers should be used mainly to generate brand and advertising awareness principally under pressure from clients’ emotional input.     

The democratic transition

Over the last two centuries, many countries experienced regime transitions toward democracy. We document this democratic transition over a long time horizon. We use historical time series of income, education and democracy levels from 1870 to 2000 to explore the economic factors associated with rising levels of democracy. We find that primary schooling, and to a weaker extent per capita income levels, are strong determinants of the quality of political institutions. We find little evidence of causality running the other way, from democracy to income or education.     

MARKET PRICE MECHANISMS AND STACKELBERG GENERAL EQUILIBRIA: AN EXAMPLE

This paper considers Stackelberg competition in a general equilibrium framework with a productive sector. The working of market power and the configurations of strategic interactions are complexified by the presence of a leader. Two market price mechanisms are studied: one is associated with the Stackelberg–Walras equilibrium and the other is linked to the Stackelberg–Cournot equilibrium. Throughout the example of a two commodity economy, several results are obtained about equilibria mergings and about welfare comparisons.