全文获取类型
收费全文 | 136630篇 |
免费 | 3207篇 |
国内免费 | 14篇 |
专业分类
财政金融 | 25533篇 |
工业经济 | 11552篇 |
计划管理 | 21694篇 |
经济学 | 29253篇 |
综合类 | 1538篇 |
运输经济 | 968篇 |
旅游经济 | 2497篇 |
贸易经济 | 23505篇 |
农业经济 | 6181篇 |
经济概况 | 16872篇 |
信息产业经济 | 7篇 |
邮电经济 | 251篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 842篇 |
2020年 | 1620篇 |
2019年 | 2377篇 |
2018年 | 2299篇 |
2017年 | 2507篇 |
2016年 | 2690篇 |
2015年 | 2097篇 |
2014年 | 3410篇 |
2013年 | 15291篇 |
2012年 | 4191篇 |
2011年 | 4134篇 |
2010年 | 3715篇 |
2009年 | 4309篇 |
2008年 | 3928篇 |
2007年 | 3262篇 |
2006年 | 3597篇 |
2005年 | 3597篇 |
2004年 | 3126篇 |
2003年 | 2894篇 |
2002年 | 2857篇 |
2001年 | 2632篇 |
2000年 | 2544篇 |
1999年 | 2433篇 |
1998年 | 2310篇 |
1997年 | 2352篇 |
1996年 | 2195篇 |
1995年 | 2004篇 |
1994年 | 2012篇 |
1993年 | 1975篇 |
1992年 | 2033篇 |
1991年 | 1940篇 |
1990年 | 1827篇 |
1989年 | 1679篇 |
1988年 | 1606篇 |
1987年 | 1608篇 |
1986年 | 1693篇 |
1985年 | 2479篇 |
1984年 | 2345篇 |
1983年 | 2151篇 |
1982年 | 2006篇 |
1981年 | 1938篇 |
1980年 | 1902篇 |
1979年 | 1845篇 |
1978年 | 1629篇 |
1977年 | 1618篇 |
1976年 | 1384篇 |
1975年 | 1274篇 |
1974年 | 1187篇 |
1973年 | 1186篇 |
1972年 | 894篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
11.
A growing literature finds evidence that flood risk salience varies over time, spiking directly following a flood and then falling off individuals' cognitive radar in the following years. In this article, we provide new evidence of salience exploiting a hurricane cluster impacting Florida that was preceded and followed by periods of unusual calm. Utilizing residential property sales across the state from 2002 through 2012, our main estimate finds a salience impact of ?8%, on average. The salience effect persists when we base estimation only on spatial variation in prices to limit confounding from other simultaneous changes due to shifting hedonic equilibria over time. These effects range from housing prices decreases of 5.4–12.3% depending on the year of sale. Understanding flood risk salience has important implications for flood insurance and disaster policy, the benefits transfer literature, and, more broadly, our understanding of natural disaster resilience. JEL Classification: Q51, Q54, R21 相似文献
12.
Hanjo Odendaal Monique Reid Johann F. Kirsten 《The South African journal of economics. Suid-afrikaanse tydskrif vir ekonomie》2020,88(4):409-434
In this paper, we consider the feasibility of constructing online sentiment indices, using large amounts of media data, as an alternative to the conventional survey method used to create the consumer confidence index in South Africa. A clustering framework is adopted to provide an indication of possible candidate sentiment indices constructed from a combination of different text sources and dictionaries that best mimic the traditional survey-based consumer confidence index from the South African Bureau for Economic Research (BER). The results conclude that it is possible to create an index using sentiment analysis using online editorial data that does resemble the BER’s consumer confidence index. The different media-based sentiment indices (MSI) show a significant level of correlation and co-movement with the BER’s CCI. Impulse responses and cross-correlation functions indicate that the MSI could potentially lead the survey-based method up to two quarters. Furthermore, Granger-causality tests show that the media-based indices are good predictors of future consumer confidence index values. The results provide motivation for further study on the use of sentiment-based techniques and online media data sources to track consumer confidence within an emerging market such as South Africa. 相似文献
13.
Emily E. Griffith 《Contemporary Accounting Research》2020,37(1):245-276
Auditors frequently use valuation specialists to help them evaluate fair values, but researchers and regulators know little about how auditors use these specialists. Based on interviews with 28 auditors and 14 valuation specialists, I develop a theoretical framework informed by expert systems and professional competition theories. The interviews suggest that institutional pressures in the fair value environment unevenly impact auditors and specialists, causing tension between auditors' needs for ontological security and jurisdictional claims. This tension leads to one-sided competition between auditors and specialists and incomplete acceptance of specialists' work. Auditors' competitive behaviors coupled with this incomplete acceptance result in a tendency to make specialists' work conform to auditors' views. Collectively, these findings suggest that auditors use specialists as an institutional mechanism to create comfort, but not insight. This study links expert systems and professional competition theories, and it provides critical insight into some assumptions underlying tenets of each theory. It also informs researchers, regulators, and practitioners interested in understanding and addressing problems related to the use of specialists. 相似文献
14.
Lucas W. Davis 《Applied economics letters》2019,26(18):1497-1502
The prospect for electric vehicles as a climate change solution hinges on their ability to reduce gasoline consumption. But this depends on how many miles electric vehicles are driven and on how many miles would have otherwise been driven in gasoline-powered vehicles. Using newly-available U.S. nationally representative data, this paper finds that electric vehicles are driven considerably fewer miles per year on average than gasoline-powered vehicles. The difference is highly statistically significant and holds for both all-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles, for both single- and multiple-vehicle households, and both inside and outside California. The paper discusses potential explanations and policy implications. Overall, the evidence suggests that today’s electric vehicles imply smaller environmental benefits than previously believed. 相似文献
15.
Christopher J. Cronin 《International Economic Review》2019,60(1):187-218
This study quantifies the moral hazard effect of health insurance on medical expenditure by estimating a dynamic model of within‐year medical care consumption that allows for insurance selection, endogenous health transitions, and individual uncertainty about medical care prices in an environment where insurance has nonlinear cost‐sharing features. The results suggest that moral hazard accounts for 53.1%, on average, of total annual medical expenditure when insured. This estimate is significantly different, and generally larger, than that produced by an alternative model that is representative of the annual medical care decision‐making models commonly found in the literature. 相似文献
16.
17.
Both soft, noncontractible, and hard, contractible, information are informative about managerial ability and future firm performance. If a manager's future compensation depends on expectations of ability or future performance, then the manager has implicit incentives to affect the information. We examine the real incentive effects of soft information in a dynamic agency with limited commitment. When long-term contracts are renegotiated, the rewards for future performance inherent in long-term contracts allow the principal partial control over the implicit incentives. This is because the soft information affects the basis for contract renegotiation. With short-term contracts, the principal has no control over the basis for contract negotiation, and thus long-term contracts generally dominate short-term contracts. With long-term contracts, the principal's control over implicit incentives is characterized in terms of effective contracting on an implicit aggregation of the soft information that arises from predicting (forming expectations of) future performance. We provide sufficient conditions for soft information to have no real incentive effects. In general, implicit incentives not controllable by the principal include fixed effects, such as career concerns driven by labor markets external to the agency. When controllable incentives span the fixed effects of career concerns, the latter have no real effects with regard to total managerial incentives—they would optimally be the same with or without career concerns. Our analysis suggests empirical tests for estimating career concerns that should explicitly incorporate noncontractible information. 相似文献
18.
Judy Z. Stephenson 《The Economic history review》2020,73(2):409-430
This article provides new information and data on the work and pay of skilled and semi-skilled men on a large London construction project in the early 1700s. It offers firm-level evidence on the employment relation in the construction industry at the time and sheds some light on the number of days worked per year and per week, showing that employment was more irregular and seasonal than current estimates of income infer. The patterns are considered in the context of new debates about industriousness and economic growth. 相似文献
19.
Alexander G. Taylor 《The Economic history review》2019,72(2):433-458
This article addresses one under‐studied aspect of Charles I's finances during his Personal Rule: the licensing of tobacco retailers. While it was ultimately a failed project, the tobacco retail licence project was fiscally successful before the transformative events of the 1640s triggered its demise. The project enabled tobacco retail licensees to establish commercial outlets for the marketing of tobacco throughout England and Wales, and cooperation with pre‐existing officeholders contributed to the apprehension of unlicensed retailers. Ultimately, the geographic breadth of tobacco licences translated into much‐needed royal revenue which, when added to other projects and patents, contributed to the king's financial survival. The evidence presented here suggests that we may want to rethink some of our assumptions for how the process of state formation worked and that earlier seventeenth‐century ‘prototypes’ of taxation were more fiscally successful than previously recognized. 相似文献
20.
Robert C. Allen 《The Economic history review》2019,72(1):88-125
This article measures the size and incomes of six major social classes across the industrial revolution using social tables for England and Wales in 1688, 1759, 1798, 1846, and 1867. Lindert and Williamson famously revised these tables, and this article extends their work in three directions. First, servants are removed from middle‐ and upper‐class households in the tables of King, Massie, and Colquhoun and tallied separately. Second, estimates are made for the same tables of the number and incomes of women and children employed in the various occupations, and, third, incomes are broken down into rents, profits, and employment income. These extensions to the tables allow variables to be computed that can be checked against independent estimates as a validation exercise. The tables are retabulated in a standardized set of six social groups to highlight the changing structure of society across the industrial revolution. Gini coefficients are computed from the social tables to measure inequality. These measures confirm that Britain traversed a ‘Kuznets curve’ in this period. Changes in overall inequality are related to the changing fortunes of the major social classes. 相似文献