Der Rechtsrahmen der europäischen Integration – Entwicklung in 50 Jahren

Die Existenz der Europ?ischen Gemeinschaft wird grundlegend durch Rechtsregeln bestimmt. Wie entstand die Europ?ische Gemeinschaft? Wodurch unterscheidet sie sich von internationalen Organisationen? Welche Vertrags?nderungen und Reformen pr?gten den Wandel von der Sechsergemeinschaft bis zur Europ?ischen Union mit 27 Mitgliedern? Wie ist das Verfassungsprojekt zu beurteilen? Prof. Dr. Gert Nicolaysen, 76, ist Direktor am Institut für Integrationsforschung im Europa-Kolleg Hamburg und Professor im Ruhestand am Seminar für ?ffentliches Recht und Staatslehre der Universit?t Hamburg.     

Wie lässt sich Wohlstand messen?

Die Stiglitz-Kommission hat Empfehlungen zur Weiterentwicklung der statistischen Berichterstattung vorgelegt und das Bruttoinlandsprodukt als nicht ausreichend für die Messung der Wirtschaftsleistung, der Lebensqualit?t und der Nachhaltigkeit bewertet. Tats?chlich gibt es auch in der Bev?lkerung ein Unbehagen in Hinblick auf die amtliche Statistik. Allerdings sind Zufriedenheitsindikatoren als alternative Zielwerte für die Politik kritisch zu beurteilen.     

MEASURING THE ALLOCATION OF ESKOM'S PRODUCTIVITY DIVIDEND1

The methodology developed by Lawrence, Diewert and Fox and Lawrence and Richards is used to determine the contribution of productivity and price changes to changes in Eskom's profitability over time. This methodology enables the calculation of the distribution of the benefits of Eskom's productivity improvements – its “productivity dividend”– among the three key stakeholder groups: consumers, input suppliers (including employees) and Eskom's owners. The results of this study show that Eskom passed on substantially more than the benefits from productivity improvements over the 10 years to 2002 to consumers in the form of real price reductions and to labour in the form of higher real wages.     

The Trade‐Off between Foreign Direct Investments and Exports: The Role of Multiple Dimensions of Distance

To serve foreign markets, firms can either export or set up a local subsidiary through horizontal foreign direct investment (FDI). The conventional proximity–concentration theory suggests that FDI substitutes for trade if distance between countries is large, while exports become more important if scale economies in production are large. This paper investigates empirically the effect of different dimensions of distance on the choice between exports and FDI. We find that different dimensions of distance affect exports and FDI differently. There is clear evidence of a proximity–concentration trade‐off in geographical terms: the share of FDI sales in total foreign sales increases with geographical distance. The positive relation between import tariffs and FDI intensity provides further evidence for a trade‐off resulting from trade costs. On the other hand, the share of FDI decreases with language differences and cultural and institutional barriers. The latter dimensions of distance thus affect FDI more strongly than exports.     

AN HISTORICAL SOCIAL ACCOUNTING MATRIX FOR THE NETHERLANDS (1938)

This article presents an historical Social Accounting Matrix (1938) for the Netherlands, including related, non-monetary tables on demographic characteristics, employment, etc.     

THE FUTURE OF EEC DAIRY EXPORTS TO THE LESS-DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS OF LONG-RANGE PROJECTIONS AND MODEL STUDIES

From recent projection studies it can be concluded that future dairy exports by the EEC to the Less Developed Countries (LDCs) will increase. The self-sufficiency ratio for dairy products in the EEC will increase because of strong, technologically induced, growth of production potential. On the one hand, surplus production in the EEC will be difficult to curtail as the unfavourable conditions of the general economy will impede outmigration of inputs. Import demand, on the other hand, is projected to increase as many populations will be moving into stages of higher growth of income. Thus, input restrictions of agriculture in industrialised countries may be unnecessary. In this paper some agricultural economic aspects of the implied trade relationships are discussed. It is concluded that LDCs are not likely to benefit from gains of trade as predicted by theory of free trade and international specialisation. From projections by model studies, however, no consensus emerged. Projection and model studies seem hardly suited to provide insight in the effects of international trade under conditions of imperfect competition.