A Perspective on Canadian Wheat Board Exports, Price Pooling, and West Coast Capacity Constraints

This paper illustrates that Canadian Wheat Board (CWB) price pooling provides an important function in western Canada, which is to redistribute returns from the scarce resource of west coast capacity to all western grain producers. The manner in which this distribution occurs has equity implications. A corollary is that the need for prairie wide price pooling by the CWB for distributional considerations diminishes as the west coast export constraint is eliminated. The analysis suggests another conclusion which is that the current set of grains should continue to be exported through only the CWB. Failing that, non-CWB grain exports through the private market should share in the export constraint. Another distributional implication is that reductions in the capacity constraint disadvantages the western livestock industry. Cette étude démontre que l'établissement de la tarification par la Commission canadienne de blé exerce une fonction importante dans l'ouest canadien, qui est de redistribuer les revenues tirés des ressources réduites de la côte du ouest à tous les producteurs de grain dans l'ouest. La manière que cette distribution a lieu a des répercussions en matière d'équité. Un corollaire est que le besoin d'un établissement de la tarification dans les prairies par la Commission canadienne de blé pour des considérations de distribution diminue à mesure que la contrainte d'exportation de la côte de l'ouest est éliminée. L'analyse suggère une autre conclusion selon laquelle les variétés de grains actuelles devraient continuer à être exportées a travers la Commission canadienne de blé seulement. Sinon, les exportations de grains qui ne sont pas visées par la Commission canadienne de blé et que passent à travers le marché privé devraient assumer leur part dans la contrainte d'exportation. Une autre implication sur la distribution est que les réductions dans les contraintes de capacité désavantagent l'industrie d'élevage de l'ouest.     

Company–Community Agreements,Gender and Development

Company–community agreements are widely considered to be a practical mechanism for recognising the rights, needs and priorities of peoples impacted by mining, for managing impacts and ensuring that mining-derived benefits are shared. The use and application of company–community agreements is increasing globally. Notwithstanding the utility of these agreements, the gender dimensions of agreement processes in mining have rarely been studied. Prior research on women and mining demonstrates that women are often more adversely impacted by mining than men, and face greater challenges in accessing development opportunities that mining can bring. Nonetheless, there is currently little guidance for companies, government or communities in bringing a gender perspective to the fore in mining and agreement processes. It is undisputed in human development literature that investment in women and sensitivity to gender delivers long-term health, education and local development outcomes. In mining and development, a number of key factors remain unexplored. These include: women’s participation in agreement processes, the gendered distribution of agreement benefits, and the extent to which impacts and benefits influence women’s development and economic inclusion. This paper presents the results of the first phase of an applied research project undertaken by the Centre for Social Responsibility in Mining (CSRM) at The University of Queensland and funded by the Minerals Council of Australia (MCA) and the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT). The project sought to connect with experienced practitioners who had been directly involved in mining and agreement processes to document and analyse grounded perspectives on gender dynamics and agreements, and connect those experiences with the broader literature. Findings from this study have implications for the role of mining companies and governments in promoting gender equality and empowerment as part of their commitments to sustainable development. They also have implications for community groups and their representatives in terms of how they might engage in agreement processes to maximise women’s participation and influence. In many social contexts, a key challenge will be navigating the territory of cultural norms and gender equality, particularly in cultures where women’s influence in the public sphere is not strong. The authors argue that without consideration of a gender perspective, including gender’s intersection with other factors such as class, race, poverty level, ethnic group and age, mining agreements will not be inclusive, may exacerbate gender inequalities, and fail to contribute to long-term sustainable development.     

A Four-Country Study of the Associations Between Bribery and Unethical Actions

The purpose of this research is to extend prior research testing the premise that small deviations from ethical behavior lead to even larger deviations from ethical behavior. This study examines the association between a person’s willingness to bribe a police officer to avoid being issued a speeding ticket with their views on inappropriate behavior of corporate executives. Our sample of 528 participants comes from Colombia (90), Ecuador (70), South Africa (131) and the United States (237). As part of our data gathering, we controlled for social desirability response bias in the responses of the students who participated in our study. Our data indicate significant differences between the views of the students from Colombia, Ecuador, and South Africa when compared to the views of the students from the United States. The analysis indicates that, for all four dilemmas, the most significant variable was the belief about how ethical it was to pay a bribe to avoid a traffic ticket. In addition, in three of our four dilemmas, Paulhus’ Impression Management Subscale, which measures social desirability response bias, was the second most significant variable. Finally, in three of the four dilemmas, the students from Colombia, Ecuador and South Africa thought the actions described in the dilemmas were less ethical than the students from the United States.

A conceptual framework of anonymity in Group Support Systems

As the development and use of automated systems for collaborative work grows, the need for a better understanding of these systems becomes more important. Our focus is on one type of system, a Group Support System (GSS) and, in particular, on one important aspect of a GSS—anonymity. A conceptual framework for the study of anonymity in a GSS is presented, which describes the general classes of variables and their relationships. These variables include the factors that influence anonymity in a GSS, types of anonymity, and the effects of anonymity on a message sender, receiver, group process, and outcome. Each of these variables is discussed with working propositions presented for important group process and outcome measures. The objectives of this article are to highlight the importance and complexity of anonymity, to act as a guide for empirical investigations of anonymity, and to influence future GSS development and use.     

Biden’s Security Policy: Democratic Security or Democratic Exceptionalism?

Intereconomics - By emphasising the internal-external security nexus inherent in democratic security, the US could aspire again to lead through the example of its democracy’s resilience and...