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61.
Gunnar Kulldorff 《Scandinavian actuarial journal》2013,2013(3-4):143-156
Abstract Assume that a large number of observations are made on a normal random variable with the density function where σ σ 0, When the sample is very large the ordinary estimates of µ and a involve considerable computational work. In order to simplify the estimation of µ and/or σ it is sometimes convenient to select a small number of sample quantiles and to use estimates which are linear functions of these sample quantiles, Such a procedure is particularly convenient when the observations occur naturally in order of magnitude, which happens in life testing, for instance, Let 相似文献
62.
This paper extends the seminal model of vertical product differentiation by Ronnen (1991) to a two‐tier supply chain. While Ronnen considers the duopoly case, we add a vertical structure such that each downstream firm procures an input from a monopolistic upstream supplier. While simultaneous up‐ and downstream regulation in the form of a minimum quality standard restores Ronnen's findings, if only one firm is regulated in the vertical chain, a free‐rider effect results: all the bargaining power is given to the non‐regulated member of the chain, which uses it to free‐ride on the pressure exerted by the regulator onto the other member. 相似文献
63.
64.
Gunnar Herbertsson 《Process Safety Progress》1992,11(2):126-127
This paper describes a new atmospheric ammonia storage tank in Iceland. Some modifications have been made to the former common open cup design of double integrity tanks. Another modification is described, dry air is bled under the cladding of the sidewall insulation to protect the insulation from moisture penetration under the vapor barrier which results in frost damages. 相似文献
65.
Ing-Marie Gren Tobias Häggmark-Svensson Hans Andersson Gunnar Jansson Annika Jägerbrand 《Journal of Bioeconomics》2016,18(1):17-31
Wildlife populations are threatened worldwide by, among others, habitat fragmentation and hunting pressure. An important impediment for the large scale, national and regional, management of the populations is the difficulty to quantify population dynamics. The purpose of this study is to present a tool for such estimations which is based on available data in several countries; traffic load and traffic accidents with wildlife. An econometric model is developed, which accounts for landscape characteristics. It is applied to wild boar in Sweden, for which data on traffic load and accidents for different counties and years are available. Landscape characteristics are introduced with direct or indirect effects on population growth. The indirect landscape model gives the best statistical performance, and the results show relatively small differences in calculated intrinsic growth rate among counties but considerable differences in predicted population developments. 相似文献
66.
67.
Per Gunnar Røe 《International journal of urban and regional research》2014,38(2):498-515
Despite developments within planning theory challenging the ideal of the rational master plan it may be argued that there is still use for the production of knowledge through analysis in planning. However, the cultural complexity of today's planning contexts, and a move towards governance and entrepreneurial policies, makes it difficult to make places, to achieve social welfare and sustainability. Traditionally, the analysis of places has been done by architects and planners focusing on physical form, having an essentialist perspective of place resembling the theory of genius loci. In Norway, the planning authorities refined this methodology in the 1990s. This approach is, however, not in tune with a progressive view of places as multiple and dynamic social constructions, and may be accused of ‘symbolic violence’. If one is to take this view seriously and still be able to make plans, planning must also be based on other types of knowledge. In this article I argue for a socio‐cultural approach to reveal social representations and practices that make a place. I use the case of place‐making in Sandvika, a suburban ‘minicity’ outside Oslo, as an example of how a constructivist understanding differs from and may supplement an essentialist approach. 相似文献
68.
Gunnar Trier 《Scandinavian actuarial journal》2013,2013(3-4):204-218
Abstract Extract Life insurance companies are interested III investigations of the mortality among that group of applicants whose applications for insurance, for health reasons, have not been accepted. The compa. nies thereby obtain material enabling them to decide whether their rejection policy during a period has been too strict or not, and on which points, if any, the selection of risks can be liberalized. 相似文献
69.
Sven Gunnar 《Scandinavian actuarial journal》2013,2013(3-4):264-265
Abstract I 1922 besluttede de nordiske aktuarforeninger å utskrive en priskonkurranse for et arbeide på aktuarvidenskapens område, og undertegnede blev av de enkelte foreninger opnevnt til redaksjonskomite for opgaven og til bedømmelseskomite for eventuelle besvarelser. 相似文献
70.
Under the Kyoto Protocol, countries can meet treaty obligations by investing in projects that reduce or sequester greenhouse
gases elsewhere. Prior to ratification, treaty participants agreed to launch country-based pilot projects, referred to collectively
as Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ), to test novel aspects of the project-related provisions. Relying on a ten-year history
of projects, we investigate the determinants of AIJ investment. Our findings suggest that review-agency preferences related
to national political objectives and possibly deeper cultural ties influenced project selection and limited the number of
AIJ projects. Bilateral ties also appear to have affected investment decisions directly, possibly because of related transaction
costs. The results suggest an investment process different from the assumptions that underlie well-known estimates of cost-savings
related to the Protocol’s flexibility mechanisms. We conclude that if approaches developed under the AIJ programs to approve
projects are retained, the scale of investment under Kyoto’s flexibility provisions and their cost-savings will be less than
what is generally anticipated and the pattern of investment less driven by abatement costs.
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