Social marketing and sustainable tourism—is there a match?

As we approach the new millennium it is becoming increasingly apparent that we need to re‐evaluate our approach to tourism provision, promotion and consumption. Tourism marketing campaigns continue to be aimed at a broad range of visitor segments irrespective of the relative degree of sustainability that might be exhibited in each case. As this paper will argue, the tools and techniques of social marketing may therefore have much to offer tourism organisations seeking a more sustainable approach to their market. This conclusion is based on the findings of a survey of 540 visitors to the South West of England that revealed a link between key behavioural motivations and the degree of sustainability exhibited. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

试析性别差异对军费开支的影响

随着女性就业和参政议政的比率日益增加,国际关系学者关注的一个问题就是,这一趋势对于国际关系领域的安全与合作有何影响?为了检验女性主义理论,作者进行了统计分析,发现性别因素的影响随着研究对象的不同而发生变化。对于世界大国,其军费开支基本不受性别因素的影响;但对于世界大国以外的其他国家,军费开支则在较大程度上受到性别因素的影响。女性主义的结论适用于大国之外的这类国家,女性就业率和女性议员比率可以解释这类国家的军费变化。但是对于世界不同地区,其结论又有所不同。在中东地区、亚洲、欧洲和北美地区,各国军费占政府开支的比率与该地区女性议员比率成反比。而女性的经济地位则并非如此,在中东这一女性地位相对低的地区,女性就业率对地区军费变化并没有显著影响;而在亚洲、欧洲和北美地区,其女性地位居于中等或较高位置的地区,各国军费占政府开支的比率与该地区女性就业率成反比。在分析和借鉴女性主义理论时需要考虑不同的研究对象与适用条件。     

中国话语的议程设置效果研究——以中国外交部新闻发言人为例

通过对中国外交部新闻发言人话语以及发言人被西方媒体引用的话语这两套话语的实证研究,作者分析了当前中国话语在国际社会的议程设置效果。根据统计数据的分析,中方发言人的话语内容和西方媒体的引用内容之间存在着相关性,这表明中方发言人的话语内容可以为西方媒体设置议程。此外,中方发言人的话语态度与西方媒体引用的态度之间没有相关性,这表明中方发言人的话语态度不能为西方媒体设置议程。作者认为,要增强中国话语的传播效果,不仅需要在话语内容上关注说什么,更需要在话语态度上重视怎么说。     

矩阵模型的决策适度性分析方法

决策适度性分析是主动性决策理论中一大类定量研究方法的总称，本文讨论矩阵决策模型的三种可用于决策适度性分析的方法。     

An approach to the construction of indexes of technological change and of technological sophistication : The case of agricultural tractors

Two indicators of the output of technological innovation have been developed for the case of agricultural tractors. The tractor is a multicharacteristic product, and a fundamental problem in measuring its technological sophistication or technological change is to determine the relative weights of different characteristics. These relative weights have been approximated by the coefficients of a regression of tractor price with respect to tractor technical characteristics. The indicators developed allow one to measure technical change over time or the relative technical sophistication of different tractor models or tractor firms at a given moment. These indicators can be applied only to multicharacteristic products with easily quantifiable characteristics. However, products that satisfy these requirements account for a very large share of the market for industrial goods. These indicators can be useful in assessing the efficiency of R&D, in analyzing the influence of technological innovation on patterns of trade, and in determining the contribution of changes in the quality of capital goods employed to increases in industrial productivity.     

自适应LMS算法均方误差收敛的充分条件

本文给出了保证自适应最小均方算法均方误差(或平均功率)收敛的充分条件,并分析了在该条件下均方误差的收敛性能。     

Markets for Efficiency and Fairness

The allocation and distribution of resources by the state has failed to achieve the egalitarian ends socialists had predicted. Rosalind Levaćić, Lecturer in Economics at the Open University, outlines the advantages of the market in raising incomes and socio-economic status. Bureaucratic allocation should be replaced by personal purchasing power underpinned by redistributive taxation.     

What Profit in Teaching Economics?

The role of profit in stimulating entrepreneurial discovery is often misrepresented in economics teaching in schools at worst as capitalist greed and at best is usually ignored. David Parker, Senior Lecturer in Business Economics at the Polytechnic of Newcastle upon Tyne, considers the history of profit in economic analysis and calls for a fundamental re-appraisal of its importance.