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21.
Abstract

This paper explores the financial properties of a concept product called an advanced-life delayed annuity (ALDA). The ALDA is a variant of a pure deferred annuity contract that is acquired by installments, adjusted for consumer price inflation, and pays off toward the end of the human life cycle. The ALDA concept is aimed at the growing population of North Americans without access to a traditional defined benefit (DB) pension plan and the implicit longevity insurance that a DB plan contains. I show that under quite reasonable pricing assumptions, a consumer can invest or allocate $1 per month, while saving for retirement, and receive between $20 and $40 per month in benefits, assuming the deductible in this insurance policy is set high enough. The ALDA concept might go a long way in mitigating the psychological barrier to voluntary lump-sum annuitization.  相似文献   
22.
This study uses quantile regression techniques to analyze changes in the returns to education for women. The data used is the March Current Population Survey for the years 1968, 1973, 1979, 1986 and 1990. The first step in estimating the single (linear) index selection equation uses Ichimura's (1993) semiparametric procedure. To correct for an unknown form of a sample selection bias in the quantile regression, the second step incorporates a nonparametric method, using an idea similar to one developed by Heckman (1980) and Newey (1991) for mean regression, and Buchinsky (1998) for quantile regression.  The results show that: (a) the returns to education increased enormously for the younger cohorts, but very little for the older cohorts; (b) in general the returns are higher at the lower quantiles in the beginning of the sample period and higher at the higher quantiles by the end of the sample period; (c) there is a significant sample selection bias for all age groups at almost all quantiles; (d) toward the end of the sample period there is a significant convergence of the returns at the various quantiles, especially for the younger cohorts and age groups; and (e) the semiparametric estimates of the selection equation are considerably different from those obtained for a parametric probit model.  相似文献   
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24.
The EC faces difficult strategic choices which constitute fuzzy gambles with history. Available capacities, however successful in the past, are inadequate for meeting new challenges. Required are upgrading in political will, realistic visions, policy cogitation, and implementation. Operational recommendations include: preserving and strengthening the authority of the Commission; changing voting rules in the Council, while avoiding membership increases until this is accomplished; building up coherent economic, internal, and external relations-security decision processes; encouraging utopian thinking on EC futures; strengthening coherent policy making by fortifying the Commission Presidency; installation of crisis decision making modalities; reinforcing implementation consideration, monitoring and facilitation; intensive training of high-level Commission staff in strategic choice analysis; establishment of an EC Policy College; and setting up a central EC Think Tank together with improvement of pluralistic EC policy R&D. Since the future is shaped by necessity, chance and choice, upgraded strategic choice does not guarantee the desired effects, but is imperative in terms of both morality and effectiveness.  相似文献   
25.
This paper provides an analytical solution to a cash management problem when cash income and demand are described by Compound Poisson processes. The paper generalizes past results in the cash management literature to arbitrary income and demand distribution functions. Further, our results can be applied as well in the area of banking. Throughout the paper we restrict attention to the family of control barrier policies. These consist in hedging cash up to a critical level and investing all incoming cash exceeding this level. We employ a long-run average cost criterion to determine an optimal control barrier. A diffusion approximation of the cash level process (income less demand) is used to obtain a simpler expression for the average cost and to yield a closed form solution to the optimal control barrier. For demonstration purposes, an example is resolved.  相似文献   
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27.
This paper explores in some detail the relation between production externalities (detrimental or positive) and convexity of the production-possibilities set. A set of sufficient conditions to rule out local non-convexity is derived in terms of the original production functions. The problem is illustrated for the case of one productive input. Regardless of whether externalities lead to non-convexity they may still give rise to a multiplicity of local private maxima even when the social maximum is a global one. The possibility of unique private maximum coupled with multiple local social maxima had been mentioned before by Baumol among others. The fact that externalities may lead to the converse case, as shown in the paper, seems not to have been noticed before.  相似文献   
28.
In this paper we use a dynamic model of the returns to educational investment to analyze the flow of students moving through the various stages of an educational system. Dropout and graduation rate are linked to the profitability of an educational stage and thus may be influenced by an appropriate choice of stipend level. To determine the effects of changes in stipends on the output of the educational system we hypothesize a probability distribution of abilities in the population. The parameters of this distribution permit the estimation of the effects of stipends on the graduation rate of each educational stage.  相似文献   
29.
The risk-adjusted discount rate method for evaluating capital investment projects applies the risk-adjusted rate to equilibrium as well as disequilibrium expected returns, leading to biased NPV calculations. This paper uses the CAPM framework, and suggests a procedure for applying the risk-adjusted rate without causing a bias. The procedure is shown to result in NPVs identical to those obtained by the certainty equivalent approach. A comparison with a previously suggested procedure is also provided.  相似文献   
30.
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