East-West Airlines' Sydney-Melbourne Service: Market Expansion or Demand Diversion?

Data on 1278 flights on the East-West Airlines Sydney-Albury-Melbourne services, beginning when the Sydney-Melbourne excursion fare was first offered, are used to estimate three demand curves for the jointly provided services. The elasticities of demand for the Sydney-Melbourne service suggest it expanded the market as much as it attracted passengers from the trunk carriers. The econometric problem of joint estimation with censored dependent variables should be of general interest.     

The Dynamic Effects of the US Productivity Boom on Australia*

How has the USA's ‘new economy’ productivity boom affected Australia? We consider this question using a dynamic multisector growth model of the Australian and US economies. We find that productivity growth in the US durables sector generates small but important gains to Australia. We find that the transmission of growth is generated through increased export demand for agriculture. Consequently, the USA's productivity growth tends to favour Australia's traditional export sectors. Likewise, it increases the relative demand for less skilled labour in Australia and reduces the demand for more skilled labour and higher education.     

Buying Australian

We investigate the short-run effects on the trade balance and on aggregate employment of persuading domestic residents to switch expenditure from imports to domestic commodities. Simulations with ORANI indicate that the favourable initial effects of such switches may be offset significantly by induced demand for imports as domestic production expands and by the inflationary effects of domestic expansion which erode the international competitiveness of exports and import-competing products .     

A Reconsideration of Keynes' Finance Motive*

Keynes' finance motive is a much neglected part of monetary theory. This paper reassesses the meaning and importance of the finance motive and examines the distinction between it and the transactions motive. A specification of the demand function for money is proposed that takes account of the finance motive. The advantages of this specification for analytical and empirical purposes are explained. Finally, it is shown that this specification provides a satisfactory theoretical explanation for the evidence on timing between the real and monetary sectors; evidence thought by some to be inconsistent with Keynes' theory of liquidity preference.     

WEALTH CREATION AND BID RESISTANCE IN U.K. TAKEOVER BIDS

In this paper we investigate the determinants of, and relationship between, wealth creation and bid resistance for a sample of 178 successful takeover bids in the U.K. Within the context of an event study approach we test a range of hypotheses against a background that recognizes the existence of agency conflict and the role of corporate governance mechanisms designed to mitigate its effect. The results obtained are interpreted within the context of the U.K. corporate environment. We find that wealth creation and bid resistance are mutually dependent on each other. We find evidence suggesting the presence of managerial and financial synergy but the absence of operational synergy. Our results also suggest that there is some conflict between managers and shareholders but that significant monitoring is exercised by the particular governance mechanisms we investigate. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of Client-Based Subsidies on the Market for Child Care

Federal support for child care subsidies targeted to poor households has grown dramatically in recent years. The analysis presented here examines the impact of such subsidies on child care fees charged to all clients using Missouri data on provider fees and subsidy payments. It is found that patterns for fees and subsidies across providers imply that child care markets are largely competitive. Growth in subsidies observed over the period 1991–1993 increased fees and, by inference, improved quality for subsidized clients. Subsidies also induced an increase in fees for clients not covered by subsidies, an increase most likely due to the cost of expanding the child care market.     

Trends and Cycles in GDP

The recent experience in the UK of substantial growth in GDP following the recession of the early 1980s has led to renewed interest in the measurement and explanation of business cycles. Development of economic as well as econometric theory has improved our ability both to measure the cycle more accurately and to offer a better explanation of its behaviour. In this Briefing Paper we present an analysis of these two developments.     

On the demand for historical events recording and maintenance of audit trails*

Abstract. In decentralized economies with transaction costs in contracting, it is demonstrated that an endogenous demand exists for the recording of events that affect the firm's value (“historical events”) and for the perpetual maintenance of audit trails to those records. A demand for the aggregation of records into reports (such as the financial statements) is derived from the costliness of the design, implementation and processing of contracts based on the primary data. But if principals do not control the recording or the reporting process, the agents will distort both the records and reports to their advantage. This gives rise to a demand for auditing services, which in turn creates a demand for audit trails, the causal links to verifiable facts underlying the records. Due to the costs of verification, with sufficient penalties and a positive probability of detection, random sample verification is as efficient as exhaustive verification. For random sample verification to be effective, the maintenance of audit trails for the life of the firm is necessary. Résumé. Dans les économies décentralisées où les contrats mandants-mandataires ajoutent des coûts aux opérations, l'expérience démontre qu'il existe une demande endogène pour l'enregistrement des événements qui affectent la valeur de l'entreprise («événements historiques») et le maintien perpétuel de pistes de vérifications sous-jacentes à ces enregistrements. La sollicitation d'une agrégation de ces enregistrements sous forme de rapports (les états financiers, par exemple) procède du fait que la conception, la mise en place et le traitement des contrats basés sur les données d'origine sont peu coûteux. Mais si les mandants ne contrôlent ni renregistrement ni le processus de communication de l'information, les mandataires sont susceptibles d'altérer les enregistrements aussi bien que les rapports en leur faveur. Cette constatation est à l'origine de la demande de services de vérification qui, à son tour, crée une demande de pistes de vérification, c'est-à-dire l'identification des liens accidentels des faits vérifiables sous-jacents avec les enregistrements. Compte tenu des coûts de vérification, lorsque des pénalisations suffisantes et une bonne probabilité de détection existent, la vérification à partir d'échantillons aléatoires constitue une vérification aussi efficace qu'une verification exhaustive. Pour que la vérification à partir d'échantillons aléatoires soit efficace, elle exige cependant le maintien perpétuel des pistes de vérification.     

Performance Pay,Productivity and Morale*

This paper incorporates the notion of worker morale into an economic model of pay and performance, and examines its implications for the efficacy and design of performance-based pay schemes. A worker's morale is determined by his relative pay status. A contract that rewards only individual performance can therefore undermine the morale of the least skilled workers in a firm and thereby adversely affect their productivity. On the other hand, competition for relative pay status tends to boost the productivity of highly skilled workers in the firm. The net effect on productivity depends on the composition of the firm's workforce. If the workforce is sufficiently heterogeneous then the inclusion of a profit-sharing component in the pay contract, which reduces the pay differential across workers, can sufficiently boost the morale of the least skilled workers as to improve overall productivity and profitability.