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611.
The Japanese social structure was established and has been maintained through a mixed economy comprising a balance between the state, the market, the family and the company. Vital elements in maintaining this balance have been the traditional family, full employment and increasing prosperity. More recently, developments have seen a reversal of economic prosperity, rising unemployment, increasing pressure to restructure the employment system and a potential rise in the number of households experiencing housing difficulties. In addition, the predominance of the nuclear family, the increased employment of women and decreased fertility has put the enterprise, family and state dynamic under challenge. This article explores some of the implications of these trends as some of the certainties of the past are giving way to increasing insecurity and risk across a wider section of society. It begins by exploring the institutional and social structure of post‐war Japan, when there was little evidence of poverty and homelessness. It goes on to consider the recent rise in the number of people living on the streets of Japanese cities and the policies put in place. The article then outlines some of the processes of social change that have contributed to the growth in the numbers of homeless people in Japan. La structure sociale japonaise a été créée et préservée grâce à une économie mixte, équilibre complexe entre É tat, marché, famille et entreprise. Les éléments essentiels à cet équilibre étaient la famille traditionnelle, le plein emploi et une prospérité croissante. Or, on a pu constaté dernièrement un revirement économique, une hausse du chômage, une accentuation des forces visant à restructurer l'emploi et une progression latente du nombre de ménages confrontés à des difficultés de logement. De plus, la prédominance de la famille nucléaire, le travail croissant des femmes et la diminution de la fertilité ont remis en question la dynamique entreprise‐famille‐É tat. L'article explore certains effets de ces évolutions, alors que nombre de certitudes passées laissent place à un renforcement de l'insécurité et du risque dans une part plus vaste de la société. L'étude débute par la structure institutionnelle et sociale du Japon de l'après‐guerre, lequel comptait peu de cas de pauvreté et de sans‐abris. Elle aborde ensuite la hausse récente du nombre de personnes vivant dans les rues des grandes villes nippones et les politiques publiques mises en place, tout en décrivant certains des processus de changement social impliqués dans la multiplication des sans‐abris au Japon.  相似文献   
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We investigate the existence and source of equilibrium mean reversion in UK non-financial and financial asset prices over the period 6 April, 1981, through 31 October, 1995. Our results indicate substantial expected transitory components in commodity and metals markets but report expected mean reversion for financial assets only at the near to maturity horizons. Implied cash flow yields appear to have a role in driving the mean reverting process particularly at short horizons while the role of interest rate movements varied across assets and across maturities. Our results reject the existence of a common risk premium across market term structures.  相似文献   
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On 20 October 1997 the London Stock Exchange introduced a new trading system called SETS. This system was to replace the dealer system SEAQ, which had been in operation since 1986. Using the iterative sum of squares test introduced by Inclan and Tiao (1994) , we investigate whether there was a change in the unconditional variance of opening and closing returns, at the time SETS was introduced. We show that for the FTSE‐100 stocks traded on SETS, on the days following its introduction, there was a widespread increase in the volatility of both opening and closing returns. However, no synchronous volatility changes were found to be associated with the FTSE‐100 index or FTSE‐250 stocks. We conclude therefore that the introduction of the SETS trading mechanism caused an increase in noise at the time the system was introduced.  相似文献   
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This study investigates the decision to place a loved one in a nursing home, looking at the interaction between adult children and the elderly, and at the role expected to be played by physicians. Younger respondents and those without previous experience with decisions concerning the admittance of a loved one in a nursing home do not see the physician as playing an important role, whereas the elderly and those with experience do. Differences in perceptions by these two groups are explored and the marketing implications for healthcare providers are discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  相似文献   
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Kmart completed its purchase of 13 stores in the Czech Republic and Slovakia in May/June 1992. Using interviews conducted in June 1993 with directors of Kmart-Czech Republic and Slovakia and a vice director of its major Prague competitor, Kotva, this paper analyzes the strategies Kmart is using to position itself in Eastern Europe for both retail sales and product acquisition and distribution. Four lessons to be learned from Kmart were identified: (1) internationalize what you do well; (2) know your customers by listening to them and adapting to their needs; (3) be flexible and change if a strategy does not work; and (4) balance short-and long-term gains.  相似文献   
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Book Reviews     
This study applies data envelopment analysis to evaluate the financial efficiency of a sample of 63 top US pharmaceutical advertisers, based on their sales and media advertising expenditures in 11 key media outlets (i.e. network TV, cable TV, syndicated TV, spot TV, magazines, Sunday magazines, national newspapers, newspapers, network radio, national spot radio, and outdoor). The analyses reveal that, on average, 35% of a pharmaceutical advertising budget is wasted, the largest portion of which is on network TV. In addition, the results of tobit regression indicate that magazines and Sunday magazines significantly contribute to the advertising inefficiency.  相似文献   
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