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61.
Jackknifing Bond Option Prices 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Prices of interest rate derivative securities depend cruciallyon the mean reversion parameters of the underlying diffusions.These parameters are subject to estimation bias when standardmethods are used. The estimation bias can be substantial evenin very large samples and much more serious than the discretizationbias, and it translates into a bias in pricing bond optionsand other derivative securities that is important in practicalwork. This article proposes a very general and computationallyinexpensive method of bias reduction that is based on Quenouille's(1956; Biometrika, 43, 353360) jackknife. We show howthe method can be applied directly to the options price itselfas well as the coefficients in the models. We investigate itsperformance in a Monte Carlo study. Empirical applications toU.S. dollar swap rates highlight the differences between bondand option prices implied by the jackknife procedure and thoseimplied by the standard approach. These differences are largeand suggest that bias reduction in pricing options is importantin practical applications. 相似文献
62.
The financial intermediation literature on small business lending focuses on the determinants and costs to credit access.
There is, however, little research examining the repayment behavior of small firms that actually receive loans. In this paper,
we address this shortcoming in the literature by examining the default behavior of a sample of Small Business Administration
7(a) guaranteed loans with three distinct maturity structures. We employ a discrete-time hazard approach and show that SBA
defaults are time-dependent and that the factors impacting default behavior, as well as its timing, are maturity specific.
Specifically, we show the importance of loan maturity, seasoning, economic conditions, and other firm-specific factors in
predicting the likelihood of SBA loan defaults.
JEL classification: G21 相似文献
63.
Englund Peter Hwang Min Quigley John M. 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》2002,24(1-2):167-200
An unusually rich source of data on housing prices in Stockholm is used to analyze the investment implications of housing choices. This empirical analysis derives market-wide price and return series for housing investment during a 13-year period, and it also provides estimates of the individual-specific, idiosyncratic, variation in housing returns. Because the idiosyncratic component follows an autocorrelated process, the analysis of portfolio choice is dependent upon the holding period. We analyze the composition of household investment portfolios containing housing, common stocks, stocks in real estate holding companies, bonds, and t-bills. For short holding periods, the efficient portfolio contains essentially no housing. For longer periods, low-risk portfolios contain 15 to 50 percent housing. These results suggest that there are large potential gains from policies or institutions that would permit households to hedge their lumpy investments in housing. We estimate the potential value of hedges in reducing risk to households, yet yielding the same investment returns. The value is surprisingly large, especially to poorer homeowners. 相似文献
64.
Peter Reiff 《保险科学杂志》2002,91(2):103-136
The current fundamental reform of the German insurance law cannot and will not stop short of the law of insurance mediation. Up to now Sec. 43 to 48 Versicherungsvertragsgesetz (VVG = German Insurance Act) govern only one type of insurance intermediary known as insurance agent. The act only sets up rules to which extent the insurance agent has authority to bind the insurer. In the way the law is construed by the courts it differs in many aspects from the written law. Thus it is suggested to define the generic term ?insurance intermediary“ in the act as well as the subcategories ?insurance broker“ and ?insurance agent“, whereby the term ?insurance agent“ also includes the field staff employed by an insurer. In connection with the diffi-cult distinction between insurance brokers and insurance agents it remains questionable on which type of intermediary the rules regulating the relationship between agents and insurants and thereby protecting the potential customers should be applied accordingly. This controversial and in practice significant question should be explicitly decided by the legislator for reasons of legal certainty. In so far Sec. 43a of the Austrian Insurance Act could act as a model function. Regarding the insurance agents’ authority to receive (Empfangsvertretungsmacht des Versicherungsvertreters) for the insurer propositions exist to explicitly declare Sec. 43 No.l VVG, which grants the agent the authority to receive when accepting a contractual offer for the insurer, as mandatory. This suggestion would be in accordance with the current case law. Furthermore the wording of Sec. 43 No.l VVG should be altered so that the insurants’ pre-contractual risk-notifications, which the prevailing opinion already regards as being included, is explicitly mentioned. In principle Sec. 43 No.2 WG, which grants the agent the authority to receive notifications and representations for the duration of the insurance contract, should be declared as mandatory, too. Exempted should be the authority to receive for dispositions regarding the entitlements to benefits from (life) insurance contracts and the right to receive the insured sum. Sec. 44 WG, which strongly restricts the attribution of the agent’s knowledge to the insurer, is unconvincing, especially from a legal policy point of view. Therefore it is to be cancelled without substitution. Finally the legislator should refrain from codifying the customary liability based on the principles of reliance. 相似文献
65.
66.
区域电力市场的十大障碍及其对策 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
中国迄今已经在电力改革方面取得了很大进展.目前所处的行业重组阶段,旨在为建立竞争性电力市场奠定必要的基础.尽管最初的省级电力市场试点为提高行业的经济和技术水平创造了条件,但建立区域电力市场以优化资源配置和提高效率的潜力显然更大.但是,建立区域电力市场的难度远大于建立省级电力市场.本文讨论在中国建立区域电力市场的障碍因素及其可以采取的应对措施. 相似文献
67.
Hedging in the Possible Presence of Unspanned Stochastic Volatility: Evidence from Swaption Markets 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This paper examines whether higher order multifactor models, with state variables linked solely to underlying LIBOR‐swap rates, are by themselves capable of explaining and hedging interest rate derivatives, or whether models explicitly exhibiting features such as unspanned stochastic volatility are necessary. Our research shows that swaptions and even swaption straddles can be well hedged with LIBOR bonds alone. We examine the potential benefits of looking outside the LIBOR market for factors that might impact swaption prices without impacting swap rates, and find them to be minor, indicating that the swaption market is well integrated with the LIBOR‐swap market. 相似文献
68.
69.
The development of efficient and competent staff in accounting firms is enhanced by the use of formal performance evaluation systems. This paper reports on a study which examined the objectives and uses of performance evaluation, the methods used, the dimensions evaluated, the development of overall assessments, the provision of feedback and the perceived strengths and weaknesses of the systems in use. In general, the performance evaluation process in these firms is effective, but there is scope for improvement in a number of areas. 相似文献
70.
The last thirty years have witnessed the appearance and rapid expansion of Islamic banking both inside and outside the Islamic world. Islamic banks provide financial products that do not violate Sharia , the Islamic law of human conduct. The Islamic principles upon which the banks claim to operate give an important role to social issues. Applying these principles, we develop a benchmark set of social disclosures appropriate to Islamic banks. These are then compared, using a disclosure index approach, the actual social disclosures contained in the annual reports of twenty-nine Islamic banks (located in sixteen countries) to this benchmark. In addition, content analysis is undertaken to measure the volume of social disclosures. Our analysis suggests that social reporting by Islamic banks falls significantly short of our expectations. The results of the analysis also suggest that banks required to pay the Islamic religious tax Zakah provide more social disclosures than banks not subject to Zakah . 相似文献