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51.
This study is unique in several respects. First, it reviews the characteristics of the top 10 industries targeted for foreign direct investment (FDI) activity in the United States between 1979 and 1987. It analyzes both overall FDI activity and new plant and expansion FDI activity. The study summarizes and tests alternative hypotheses regarding the determinants of FDI in the United States by all countries, by the United Kingdom, by the European Community, by Japan, and by Canada.
Large and growing product markets in an expanding economy have attracted FDI in the United States. Exchange rate movements have prompted opportunistic decisions to invest in U.S. production facilities. Investors' superior management skills appear to have prompted takeovers, while efforts to realize technological advantages of new physical capital and of relatively large operating plants have fostered plant and expansion investments.
Evidence exists that a desire to circumvent current—but not potential—trade restrictions has motivated foreign direct investment. FDI activities are not associated with concentrated or heavily unionized industries. Highly protected industries have attracted heavier equity FDI by Japan and heavier new plant FDI by all sources and Canada. No evidence exists that FDI in the United States by Japan or anyone else is targeted to undercut union-dominated firms or to arrest the spread of protectionist trade policies.  相似文献   
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This paper has proposed and estimated a dynamic generalization of the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) introduced by Deaton and Muellbauer. The dynamization consists of letting the AIDS parameters depend on lagged purchases in a non-separable manner that allows a considerable degree of generality and flexibility in the nature of dynamic response. The flexible nature of AIDS, in conjunction with the flexible pattern of dynamization adopted, provided an unrestricted, dynamic framework which allows test of a host of nested hypotheses. Such hypotheses related to (a, the existence and nature of dynamic behaviour, (b) the validity of homogeneity and symmetry restrictions in the dynamic framework, (c) the structure of price responses within the AIDS set-up, and (d) the presence of serial correlation in the residuals and its ability to detect the presence of dynamic misspecification. The data base consisted of a four-item classification of U.K. nondurable consumer expenditure between 1900 and 1980. The principal result of this study is that on time series data of the sort used here a satisfactory approach to dynamic modelling must admit dynamic preference of a non-additive type including commodity specific effects of lagged purchase of individual items. Such dynamic flexibility must be introduced within a framework which, itself, is of flexible functional form type. The present study establishes a dynamic version of AIDS which is a considerable improvement, on likelihood criterion, over the static version and can be recommended for future use. As n referee pointed out, however, the Pollak-like dynamic AIDS extension proposed here places severe demands on the data by way of the large number of parameters that need to be estimated. Researchers who, unlike us, do not have long-time series data, may need to enforce several a priori restrictions to achieve efficient estimation and power in hypothesis testing. The negative test results on homogeneity and symmetry, seen in most static demand studies, could not be reversed in the dynamic case. The hypothesis of a stable model between pre-World War II and post-World War II was tested and could not be rejected on the present data. The serial correlation parameter was found to be insignificant in all the estimated models. This throws doubt on the validity of the widespread use of this parameter to detect misspecification in estimated demand systems. The Deaton-Muellbauer result that imposition of homogeneity leads to serially correlated residuals could not be reproduced in the present study. Also, the present results suggest that estimating AIDS in first difference form assuming serially uncorrelated errors in the transformed equation may lead to misspecification in view of our rejection of unit p in the original errors in the levels equation. Not long ago, Barten (1977) noted in an important survey paper, “the empirical complications introduced by endogenously changing preference have, until now, forced most researchers to confine their attention to the we of strongly separable (or additive) preferences. Undoubtedly, future research will try to apply dynamics to more general preference structures”. The present study represents, hopefully, a significant step in the desired direction of introducing flexible dynamics in flexible demand systems.  相似文献   
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In this paper, we investigate the effect of real estate prices on productive investment. We build a theoretical framework of firms' investment with credit rationing and real estate collateral. We show that real estate prices affect firms' borrowing capacities through two channels. An increase in real estate prices raises the value of the firms' pledgeable assets and mitigates the agency problem characterizing the creditor–entrepreneur relationship. It simultaneously cuts the expected profit due to the increase in the cost of inputs. We test our theoretical predictions using a large French database. We do find heterogeneous effects of real estate prices on productive investment depending on the position of the firms in the sectoral distributions of real estate holdings.  相似文献   
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Faced with legal challenges to explicitly race‐contingent admissions policies, elite educational institutions have turned to criteria that meet diversity goals without being formally contingent on applicant identity. We establish that under weak conditions that apply generically, such color‐blind affirmative action policies must be nonmonotone, in the sense that within each social group, some students with lower scores are admitted while others with higher scores are denied. In addition, we argue that blind rules can generate greater disparities in mean scores across groups conditional on acceptance than would arise if explicitly race‐contingent policies were permitted.  相似文献   
56.
This paper is concerned with the problem of price regulation when demand is uncertain. Uncertainty gives rise to substantial difficulties in determining both the return a firm's owners should be provided and a set of prices capable of producing that return. We argue that conventional approaches to price regulation are incapable of attaining the economically desirable objectives of efficiency and an equitable return to investors. The deficiencies in current practices are attributable to the separation of the risk measurement-return determination and price setting activities in the conventional approach. We present a model of the regulated firm that synthesizes contemporary financial market theory and the theory of the firm under uncertainty. 1 1 A recent paper by Baron 1 furnishes an excellent review of a host of diverse issues involving the behavior of the firm under uncertainty and the role of financial markets.
In our approach, the income stream produced by the firm is valued ex ante in the financial market according to investors' perceptions and preferences over riskreturn characteristics. We portray the firm as producing risk and return by choosing among available production technologies to maximize its market value, given the prices set by regulators. Within this framework, it is shown that regulators can choose the lowest prices consistent with an equitable return to investors. We also show that prices so chosen induce the choice of the optimal technology by the firm.  相似文献   
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The goal of this article is to examine the impact of 1975 Congressional mandate to integrate the trading of NYSE-listed stocks. The conclusions are: most of the time, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) quote matches or determines the best displayed quote, and the NYSE is the most frequent initiator of quote changes. Non-NYSE markets attract a significant portion of their volume when they are posting inferior bids or offers, indicating they obtain order flow for other reasons, such as “payment for order flow.” Yet, when a non-NYSE market does post a better bid or offer, it does attract additional order flow.  相似文献   
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This paper proposes and applies an alternative demographic procedure for extending a demand system to allow for the effect of household size and composition changes, along with price changes, on expenditure allocation. The demographic procedure is applied to two recent demand functional forms to obtain their estimable demographic extensions. The estimation on pooled time series of Australian Household Expenditure Surveys yields sensible and robust estimates of the equivalence scale, and of its variation with relative prices. Further evidence on the usefulness of this procedure is provided by using it to evaluate the nature and magnitude of the inequality bias of relative price changes in Australia over a period from the late 1980s to the early part of the new millennium.  相似文献   
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