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21.
A theoretical model of strategic budgetary choices in local government is developed and tested. The model assumes that expenditure decisions are a function of changes in environmental circumstances and the characteristics of local leaders. Environmental change is operationalized through measures of workload, munificence and regulatory controls. Leadership succession is defined as the turnover in managerial and political élites. These environmental and leadership variables are included in a multivariate statistical model of budgetary incrementalism. The model is tested on the spending decisions of 402 English local authorities from 1981 to 1996. The empirical results suggest that the extent of budgetary change is influenced strongly by environmental change but weakly by leadership succession. Furthermore, environmental constraints became tighter during the study period. The characteristics of public sector organizations that impose limits on the strategic choices of new leaders are identified. 相似文献
22.
Abstract. This paper studies competition in a network and how a network structure determines agents' individual payoffs. It constructs
a general model of competition that can serve as a reduced form for specific models. The paper shows how agents' outside options,
and hence their shares of surplus, derive from “opportunity paths” connecting them to direct and indirect alternative exchanges.
Analyzing these paths, results show how third parties' links affect different agents' bargaining power. Even distant links
may have large effects on agents' earnings. These payoff results, and the identification of the paths themselves, should prove
useful to further analysis of network structure. 相似文献
23.
This article looks at the international dimension of local and regional economic development policy. We illustrate our argument about the difficulties of comparing the relative effectiveness of policy using the experience of a comparative study of local and regional economic development in Australia, the US, England and Northern Ireland. The empirical work suggests that the preferred tools of local economic development and their locally perceived effectiveness vary but that careful interpretation is necessary to understand why this is the case. Given that international policy exchange is neither inherently bad nor good, but that it is inevitable, we argue for further exploration of the process of cross-national policy transfer to ensure we are learning appropriate lessons. 相似文献
24.
We provide the first causal analysis of how minimum wages affects enrollments and expenditures in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Exploiting state‐ and federal‐level variation in minimum‐wage policy between 1990 and 2012, and incorporating local controls in our specifications, we find that a 10 percent minimum wage increase reduces SNAP enrollment between 2.4 and 3.2 percent, and reduces program expenditures an estimated 1.9 percent. If the federal minimum wage were increased from $7.25 to $10.10, enrollment would fall between 7.5 and 8.7 percent (3.1 to 3.6 million persons) relative to 2012 levels, and annual expenditures would decrease 6 percent ($4.6 billion). 相似文献
25.
Environmental issues provide a rich ground for identifying the existence and consequences of human limitations. In this paper, we present a growing literature lying at the interface between behavioral and environmental economics. This literature identifies alternative solutions to traditional economic instruments in environmental domains that often work imperfectly. But it also faces a set of challenges, including the difficulty of computing welfare effects, and the identification of a robust environmental policy based on context-dependent (socio-) psychological effects. We illustrate our critical discussion with two behavioral schemes that have been widely implemented: “green nudges” and “corporate environmental responsibility.” 相似文献
26.
Rachel J Huang Alexander Muermann Larry Y Tzeng 《The GENEVA Risk and Insurance Review》2014,39(1):65-89
We analyse the welfare effect of governmental regulation for individuals who consider anticipated regret in their decision-making process. Although governmental policies by directing choice, distort individual decisions in the private market, they can alleviate individuals’ pain associated with the feeling of regret. We analyse this trade-off and provide conditions under which the implied reduction of regret justifies regulation. Furthermore, we demonstrate our findings on tax deduction for non-insured losses, a well-studied social policy in insurance. Last, we consider heterogenous individuals and alternative social welfare functions and show that our results hold in these extended settings. 相似文献
27.
28.
2002年11月,ARMANI集团于香港中环置地的遮打大厦打造占地三千平方米的旗舰店;2004年4月,ARMANI集团与HOUSE OF THRFF合作在上海外滩3号开设占地一千一百平方米的旗舰店……至今,ARMANI在东亚的动作仍在进行中:2008年前在中国大陆开设20至30家店铺的计划已经在成为现实;Armani于2004年5月与泰国达成协议协助曼谷实现成为亚洲时尚产品之都. 相似文献
29.
This paper investigates the economic impact of the government's proposed new UK R&D tax credit. We measure the benefit of the credit by the effect on value added in the short and long runs. This is simulated from existing econometric estimates of the tax‐price elasticity of research and development (R&D) and the effect of R&D on productivity. For the latter, we allow R&D to have an effect on technology transfer (catching up with the technological frontier) as well as innovation (pushing the frontier forward). We then compare the increase in value added to the likely exchequer costs of the programme under a number of scenarios. In the long run, the increase in GDP far outweighs the costs of the tax credit. The short‐run effect is far smaller, with value added only exceeding cost if R&D grows at or below the rate of inflation. 相似文献
30.
This article is concerned with British trade union membership statistics. It provides three different estimates of trade union density and considers their meaning and significance. It also assesses the reliability of union membership figures, and finally it provides fresh data on the unemployed membership of trade unions. 相似文献