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71.
Condemnation of the long-and-short-haul discrimination has been nearly ubiquitous in the literature on economic theory and transportation. However, the French economist Dupuit developed a case against all transport regulation by relating it to a defense of the practice of place discrimination before the middle of the nineteenth century. He did so, moreover, within an early elaboration of a full price explanation of competitive functioning. This paper analyzes the idea in Dupuit's context and argues that this so-called form of price discrimination is actually an efficient and necessary form of the competitive process. 相似文献
72.
In search of the meaning of entrepreneurship 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
This paper is an attempt to build a bridge between the popular and the academic usage of the terms entrepreneur and entrepreneurship, and to identify the raw materials needed to construct an interpretive framework capable of illuminating the nature of entrepreneurship and its role in economic theory. We review briefly the contributions made to this topic by Cantillon, Schumpeter, Schultz and Kirzner. We advance a synthetic definition of the entrepreneur as someone who specializes in taking responsibility for and making judgemental decisions that affect the location, the form, and the use of goods, resources, or institutions. We then conclude with some observations on the basic choice confronting economics regarding the place of entrepreneurship in economic analysis. 相似文献
73.
It is argued that the genetic engineering revolution now under way is fundamentally different from other industrial revolutions in that humans are developing the technological power to change themselves. This article begins with an overview of the technology involved, discusses the Human Genome Initiative (HGI) programme and gene therapy research, and then uses several possible future scenarios to discuss potential legal and ethical issues. 相似文献
74.
Robert M. Solow 《De Economist》1992,140(1):1-15
Summary The old growth theory of the 1950s led to certain conclusions about the sorts of economic policies that would promote economic growth, and also about their limitations. The new growth theory of the 1980s makes much stronger assumptions and leads to correspondingly stronger conclusions about the scope of growth-promoting policy. This article argues that: (1) empirical work so far has neither confirmed nor denied the strong assumptions underlying the new theory; (2) the theory is worth pursuing because of its intrinsic interest and the possibilities it opens up; (3) whatever the final verdict on the new theory, both theory and evidence support the belief that significant long-run gains, even if not permanent changes in the growth rate, can be achieved by increased investment in the broadest sense, including human capital, technological knowledge, and industrial plant and equipment.Fifth Tinbergen Lecture delivered on October 4, 1991, in Amersfoort for the Royal Netherlands Economic Association 相似文献
75.
76.
We examine the two traditions of content analysis: the first in which one substitutes words of a text with categories, and the second in which one looks for clusters of words that may refer to a theme. In the first tradition, preexisting dictionary categories give meaning to the words; in the second, meaning comes after the fact. Preexisting dictionary categories (the substitution model) are calibrated instruments applied within experimental designs that leave no space for doubt; meanwhile, the ability of the correlational model to conjure up complex themes from fragments of a text yields no unique solution. These differences have bearings on the production of new social knowledge. We expound on the epistemological foundations of the two traditions of interpretation and draw from them decision rules upon which one may rely for choosing among appropriate content-analytic tactics. Two reasons make this essay timely and critical: (1) the increasing variety of new content-analyticsoftware for particular purposes and (2) the almost exclusive focusing on software and technology at the expense of adjusting the choice of the software to the nature of the text. Two studies, one in historiometry, the other in autobiography, illustrate the liabilities and benefits of the two models of content analysis. 相似文献
77.
Many employers are extending workplace rights by allowing for more employee voice in decision making. Numerous unionized organizations have established formal worker participation processes to help achieve this end and to improve organizational performance. Based largely on theory, such processes are normally designed to operate independently from the bargaining process. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between participation and bargaining processes, and the effect of this relationship on workplace satisfaction. A total of 712 Midwest union officials were surveyed, and the results indicate that the processes tend to become integrated in the workplace. Further, union officials' workplace satisfaction was greater where formal worker participation is institutionalized within the bargaining process. 相似文献
78.
This paper has three goals. First, we demonstrate that standard arguments and methods from production and duality analysis
can be used to provide a comprehensive and general treatment of the value of information for a risk-averse firm with expected-utility
(linear-in-probabilities) preferences and a general stochastic technology. Second, we place bounds on the value of information
for a risk-averse firm and relate these bounds to characteristics of the technology and the producer’s preferences. The third
and final goal is to derive the implications that information differences can have for measured efficiency differences and
to relate the bounds on the value of information to those measured differences.
相似文献
79.
Vanthuan Nguyen Bonnie F. Van Ness Robert R. Van Ness 《Journal of Economics and Finance》2007,31(2):251-267
We examine how the different mix of informed and liquidity trading in the market for ETFs affects the nature of inter-market
competition. We find that both the characteristics of the securities and the structures of the competing markets jointly determine
the nature of inter-market competition. Given the superior execution quality on the ECNs and the low adverse selection costs
in the ETF market, anonymous market such as the ECNs, attract both liquidity and informed traders. We also find that markets
compete in a subset of ETFs. In addition, we find that quotebased competition is prevalent in the market for ETFs. 相似文献
80.
Robert?StewartEmail author Karen?Hill Jessa?Stewart David?Bimler John?Kirkland 《Quality and Quantity》2005,39(6):687-709
The underlying “architecture of the decision to pursue a degree in psychology was quantified using the Method of Sorting technique
to identifying the critical issues necessary to make this choice. Multidimentsional scaling procedures were employed to construct
a three-dimensional map representing the relationships between reasons for selecting psychology as a major. Freshman and senior
psychology majors (N = 165) from a regional university and a large research-based institution rated the relative importance of items in their
decision-making process. Hierarchical clustering procedures revealed seven different groups of students. Although significant
differences associated with class standing were not found, institutional affiliation did influence cluster composition. Reflecting
local emphases, students at the regional institution had a greater interest in Counseling Psychology, whereas those at the
research-based school focused on Clinical Psychology. This semantic map and the associated item clusters arising from psychology
student data provides an empirical basis for, amongst other things, course selection, faculty-initiated program design or
revision, strategic niche marketing, and student retention. 相似文献