A substitution orbit model of competitive innovations

Successful innovation and diffusion of technology can be attributed to the identification of the orbit of emerging new technologies that complement or substitute for existing technologies. This dynamism resembles the co-evolution process in an ecosystem. In an ecosystem, in order to maintain sustainable development, the complex interplay between competition and cooperation, typically observed in predator-prey systems, create a sophisticated balance. Given that an ecosystem can be used as a masterpiece system, this sophisticated balance can provide suggestive ideas for identifying an optimal orbit of competitive innovations with complement or substitution dynamism.Prompted by such a sophisticated balance in an ecosystem, this paper analyzes the optimal orbit of competitive innovations and, on the basis of an application of Lotka-Volterra equations, it reviews substitution orbits of Japan's monochrome to color TV system, fixed telephones to cellular telephones, cellular telephones to mobile Internet access service, and analog to digital TV broadcasting. On the basis of substitution orbits analyses, it attempts to extract suggestions supportive to identifying an optimal policy option in a complex orbit leading to expected orbit.Key findings include policy options that are effective in controlling parameters for Lotka-Volterra equations leading to expected orbit.     

氟利昂兴衰史的启示

本文以氟利昂为例，对科学技术本身并不具有价值中立性进行了论述。科学技术本身的缺陷让人们认识到科学技术并不因为人们的善意利用而放弃对人类发展的危害。将科学技术的价值区分为功用价值与伦理价值，将有利于人类对科学技术的更好应用，实现入与自然盼和谐发展。     

Managing academic innovation in Taiwan: Towards a ‘scientific-economic’ framework

Since the passage of the Science and Technology Basic Law in 1999, Taiwanese universities have taken a more “scientific-economic” approach to protect and commercialize their research. This research mainly examines innovation activities such as patenting, licensing, and incubated startups in the context of Taiwanese higher education institutions (HEIs). The “scientific-economic” framework used to analyze the strategic aspects influencing these academic innovations includes (1) intellectual property managerial capabilities, (2) the strength of external industrial partnerships, (3) the university entrepreneurial orientation, and (4) government research policy. Four hypotheses were developed. Data were collected via a questionnaire with all 122 HEIs in Taiwan surveyed.The research reveals that the aspects of intellectual property managerial capability, HEI-industry partnerships, and academic entrepreneurial orientation are useful to distinguish the university's innovation performance on patent grants, licensing incomes, and firm incubation. Also, government support on research plays a moderating role in academic innovation. Managerial and policy implications for managing innovation effectively in universities were drawn.     

金融发展影响城乡收入差距的三大效应及检验

金融发展影响城乡收入差距主要通过三条途径,即金融发展的门槛效应、金融发展的降低贫困效应、金融发展的非均衡效应。本文利用中国和省级1978~2004年的相关数据进行实证检验,结果显示实证与理论假说相符。最后,提出了相关政策建议。     

中国西部房地产业综合竞争力评价

采用层次分析法和因素分析法对西部房地产业综合竞争力进行评价,得知各个省市区发展不均衡,四川、重庆、新疆、云南竞争力较强,陕西、广西、内蒙古、贵州、甘肃和宁夏竞争力一般,而青海和西藏竞争力最弱.应合理规划房地产市场的发展.     

浅析长拳类套路演练中的节奏

掌握节奏是套路演练中的关键环节,本文从长拳类套路演练中节奏的涵义、节奏在套路演练中所体现的价值以及演练中如何更好地掌握节奏这三个方面出发,在查找相关文献资料、总结自身教学经验的基础上,运用总结、归纳等方法进行了分析论述.     

人民币国际化论纲

进入21世纪后，各界对人民币国际化问题的讨论逐步深入，这些研究大多从货币国际化的条件和规律出发，提出人民币国际化的发展阶段和战略构想。通过对人民币国际化目标、实现路径与策略的分析，我们可以大致勾勒出人民币国际化的模式：人民币国际化的进程，是人民币国际货币职能演进、时间阶段推进和流通范围扩展的三维动态统一，其实质是货币国际化的一般规律与中国国情的有机结合。人民币国际化将兼容美元、欧元和日元的国际化路径，以一种非均匀的方式推进，它的成功将创造一种全新的货币国际化模式。     

中部崛起与税收关系研究

中部崛起是我国现阶段经济发展的重点,为了实现其目标,必须对中部实行税收优惠政策。但是现行的税收政策对中部崛起具有诸多不利影响,表现在生产型增值税、所得税及资源税等。本文认为,为了全国经济的平衡发展,应对中部应实行消费型增值税,完善中部的资源税,对所得税实行优惠。     

规范建筑市场,严格工程造价管理与控制方法

随着中国加入WTO，建筑业正面临新的机遇和挑战，而工程造价的管理在目前规范建筑市场中的地位越来越重要。着重从设计阶段的工程造价控制，标底预算编制，评标定标，业主供设备材料管理，工程设计变更，竣工决算审计等关键环节，就加强工程造价管理与控制的方法进行探讨。     

Assessing French nursing home efficiency: An indirect approach via budget-constrained DEA models

In this paper, data envelopment analysis (DEA) techniques are applied to the French nursing home industry in order to address two policy issues. The first involves nursing home size and returns to scale, while the second deals with the potential effects of a change in nursing home reimbursement from a flat rate to one based on the severity of case-mix. To accomplish this, our analysis expands on the existing nursing home literature to analyze technical and allocative efficiency along with budget-constrained models rather than the more common direct input-based distance function. Technical efficiency is evaluated via an indirect output distance function while allocative output efficiency is computed with a cost indirect revenue function. The findings suggest that system-wide efficiency and equity may result from coming reforms since payments would more accurately reflect resource use.