What makes them move abroad? Reviewing and exploring differences between self-initiated and assigned expatriation

Only in recent years have self-initiated expatriates (SIEs) been distinguished from assigned expatriates (AEs). But there is still a lack of empirically based comparative results. Statistical analysis, performed on data from 193 expatriates (N_AE = 67; N_SIE = 126), indicates that self-initiated foreign work experience is significantly more likely to be chosen by women and those having lower job levels. Furthermore, boundaryless and protean career orientation only partially predicted which career path is chosen. SIEs have higher organizational mobility preferences, but do not differ from AEs in their boundaryless mindset and protean career attitude. Implications of these findings for research in expatriation are discussed.     

Verzicht auf das Recht zur Arglistanfechtung in AGB/AVB – zur Rechtsprechung des BGH und ihrer Auswirkungen auf die D&O-Versicherung

The ruling by the BGH dated 21.09.2011 (VersR 2011, 1563, Heros-II) on the consequences relating on insurance law arising from the insolvency of the Heros Group raises the question as to the decision’s implications for D&O insurance. The Fourth Civil Senate, which is the competent court for insurance law, came to the conclusion that waiving one’s right to rescission on grounds of fraudulent misrepresentation, contractually agreed upon in advance, is incompatible with the intended protection of the right to self-determination expressed in §123 BGB, and is therefore invalid. Confirming a landmark decision by the Eighth Senate dated 17.01.2007, the ruling furthermore affects the rights of insured individuals: according to the BGH they lose coverage following the insurer‘s rescission on grounds of fraudulent misrepresentation (§334 BGB) since they only acquire rights to the extent designed by the policyholder. This article offers an introduction to the issue (Sects. 1, 2) and analyses the dogmatic derivation of the invalidity of the preemptive waiver on grounds of fraudulent misrepresentation (Sects. 3–5). Finally it explores whether the insurance coverage is required by law to be maintained for bona fide persons and whether a contractual agreement is possible.     

The monopoly v competition debate

Arguments for and against monopoly and competition in the provision of telecommunication services are considered from the perspective of a dominant telecommunications operator in a small European country, Sweden. The importance of provision of public services is stressed as well as the need for efficient international standardization. Finally, it is argued that there is a parallel between the position of dominant telecommunication operators in small and medium-sized countries and the INTELSAT system.     

A formulation and test of a simple model of world bank behavior

Zusammenfassung Formulierung und Test eines einfachen Modells für das Verhalten der Weltbank. -Um das Verhalten der Weltbank zu analysieren, wird ein einfacher theoretischer Ansatz entwickelt, indem angenommen wird, da? die Weltbank wie eine einzige Person ihren Nutzen maximiert. Die Argumente der Nutzenfunktion sind die Summe der Kredite an die Empf?ngerl?nder, die Einkommen dieser L?nder und der gesamte erwartete Zahlungsausfall beim Schuldendienst. Die Beschr?nkung der Funktion liegt im Gesamtbudget der Bank. Auf dieser Grundlage werden mehrere Hypothesen bezüglich der Kreditpolitik der Weltbank abgeleitet und getestet. Es zeigt sich, da? das Einkommen und Ausfallrisiko zu 37–40 vH die Varianz der Weltbankdarlehen, die 1981 und 1982 gew?hrt worden sind, erkl?ren k?nnen.

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Résumé Une formulation et teste d'un simple modèle du comportement de la Banque Mondiale. -Les auteurs présentent un simple cadre théorique pour analyser le comportement de la Banque Mondiale en utilisant une approche d'acteur-unifié qui maximise son utilité. Les arguments de la fonction d'utilité sont les montants des crédits accordés aux pays destinataires, le revenue de ces pays et la suspension de paiements totale attendue. La contrainte de la fonction est le budget total de la Banque. Les auteurs dérivent et testent plusieurs hypothèses regardant les crédits accordés aux pays développants. Ils démontrent que le revenue et la risque des créances douteuses peuvent expliquer 37–40 pourcent de la variance des crédits de la Banque Mondiale accordés en 1981-1982.

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Resumen Formulatión y test de un modelo simple del comportamiento del Banco Mundial. -En este trabajo se presenta un marco teórico simple para analizar el comportamiento del Banco Mundial, utilizando un modelo individual de maximización de utilidad. La función de utilidad contiene como argumentos el volumen de crédite otorgado a los países receptores, el ingreso de estes países, y el total esperado de crédites vencidos. El presupuesto total del banco constituye la única restrictión. Varias hipótesis sobre el otorgamiento de préstamos a países en desarrollo son derivadas y analizadas empíricamente. Se concluye que el ingreso y el riesgo de que un crédite venza pueden explicar del 37 al 40 por ciento de la varianza de los crédites otorgados en los a?os 1981 y 1982.