R&D intensity and export performance: A micro view

Zusammenfassung F & E-Intensit?t und Exportleistung: Eine mikro?konomische Betrachtung. — Der Aufsatz besch?ftigt sich mit Unternehmen, die technische Neuerungen betreiben, um exklusive Informationen über neue Produkte oder Verfahren zu erwerben, mit denen sich auf den M?rkten Renten absch?pfen lassen. Die Eigentumsrechte an ihrem Wissen veranlassen die Unternehmen, sich wie Monopolisten zu verhalten. Wie sich innovatorische und nichtinnovatorische Unternehmen auf den Exportm?rkten verhalten, wird in einem theoretischen Rahmen dargelegt. Daraus ergibt sich die Hypothese einer positiven Korrelation zwischen Innovationsintensit?t und Exportwachstum. Diese These wird mit Hilfe von Daten getestet, die aus einer Stichprobe von über hundert Firmen gewonnen wurden, die in Israel zwischen 1975 und 1981 im zivilen Bereich Forschung und Entwicklung betrieben.

---

Résumé Intensité de R&D et performance exportatrice: une micro-vue. - Cet article se concentre sur l’entreprise s’engageant à l’innovation technologique pour gagner l’information de propriétaire sur produit ou procédé de fabrication qu’on peut utiliser pour tirer des rentes du marché. Le savoir propriétaire incite les innovateurs de se comporter comme monopolistes. Les auteurs développent un cadre théorique qu’on applique pour comparer les politiques exportatrices des entreprises innovantes et non-innovantes et qui mène à l’hypothèse d’une positive correlation entre l’intensité d’innovation et la croissance exportatrice. Les auteurs testent cette thèse empiriquement en utilisant des données collectionnées d’un échantillon de plus que cent entreprises engagés à la recherche et le développement civile en Isra?l pendant la période 1975–1981.

---

Resumen Intensidad de investigatión y desarrollo y exportaciones: un enfoque microeconómico. — Este trabajo se concentra en la empresa innovadora que participa en la innovation tecnológica con el fin de adquirir informaciones exclusivas sobre productos y procesos con los cuales podrìan extraerse rentas del mercado. Estas informaciones permiten que los innovadores se comporten como monopolios. En este trabajo se desarrolla un marco teórico que es utilizado para comparar la política de exportaciones de empresas innovadoras y no innovadoras; se predice una correlatión positiva entre la intensidad de innovatión y el crecimiento de las exportaciones. Esta predictión es sometida a un test empírico con datos de una muestra de más de cien empresas isrealíes activas en investigatión y desarrollo pertenecientes al período 1975–1981.

     

The pyramid model of school management

Models of organizational management are presented in the literature and in the managerial practices of recent years. They are aimed to improve organizational governance, and to enhance organizational overall efficiency. The common denominator for most, if not all these management models is that they generally focus on a single aspect, or on a very limited number of aspects of the organizational conduct whereas running an organization is a highly complex undertaking, incorporating a large number of functions and processes. School principals tend to adapt out-of-school management process, usually adapting them from the business world. And therefore we can see that the educational system at all and the school system in particular, implement business management methods. This research indicates that school principals are well aware of all the school management processes and procedures. The important contribution of this research, which is based on the unique contribution of the multi-faceted theory, is acknowledging the work of the school principals as a pyramid which its base is composed of essential consensus procedures and its three sided indicate three major school management process. We suggest that this pyramid will be called “The Pyramid Model of School Management”. The various management processes that built this pyramid are based on mutual aims and consensus of the school team to reach these aims. The consensus of the aims is essential, and with out it, the school cannot exist as an affective organization. Choosing when to take a various management action is a feedback based, and situation-based conduct. It is also shown in this research that school principals distinguish between three major management processes which we recommend that they will be called the “pyramid sides” and include: results management, human resources management and general resources management. The three groups are bounded by the “core of management” which we recommend that will be called the “pyramid base”. The pyramid base is connected to each and every phase of the life cycle of the organization, to each process and each result. It includes the school targets and aims which all the school team has to agree upon and there must be an un-doubtful consensus about them.     

Fiscal and monetary policies and the cost of sudden stops

This article investigates the effects of monetary and fiscal policies on output growth during sudden-stop balance of payments crisis in emerging markets and developing countries. Sudden stops in capital flows, and subsequent deep recessions, are a frequent occurrence in these countries but there is no professional consensus, and little systematic empirical evidence, shedding light on the macroeconomic policy mix most likely to limit output losses during these episodes. To address this issue, we investigate 83 sudden-stop crisis in 66 countries using a baseline empirical model to control for the various determinants of output losses during sudden stops. We measure the marginal effects of policy on output losses, and find strong evidence that monetary tightening (rise in the discount rate or unsterilized rise in international reserves) and discretionary fiscal contraction are significantly correlated with larger output losses following a sudden stop. Fiscal expansion is associated with smaller output losses following a sudden stop, but monetary expansion has no discernable effect. The macroeconomic policy mix associated with the least output loss during a sudden-stop financial crisis is a discretionary fiscal expansion combined with a neutral monetary policy.     

International franchising in China with Kodak

According to Kodak, China poses unparalleled opportunities for low‐cost production and marketing of products to the world's largest nation. According to the company's estimate, China will become the largest market in the world for photographic products and services within the next ten years. This article reviews Kodak's operations in China and presents an interview with a local franchising manager in Shanghai—the largest city in China. It provides a unique glimpse into the inner working of the organization's franchising activities in China. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Individual and Group Behavior in the Ultimatum Game: Are Groups More “Rational” Players?

This article reports two experiments that compared the standard ultimatum game played by individuals with the same game played by three-person groups. In the group treatment, the members of the allocating group conducted a brief, face-to-face discussion in order to decide, as a group, on a proposed division, whereas the members of recipient group held a discussion on whether to accept or reject the proposal. If the proposal was accepted, each group member received an equal share of his group's payoff (the pie in the group condition was three times that in the individual condition). In both experiments, groups offered less than individuals. But as indicated by the low rejection rate in both treatments, groups were also willing to accept less.     

Filipino ethnic entrepreneurship: An integrated review and propositions

With a large percentage of its population as overseas workers or emigrants, a number now in the millions and likely grow even larger, an examination is appropriate of the entrepreneurial challenges and opportunities faced by emigrants from the Philippines. This study explores the factors that shape entrepreneurship among emigrants in general and, in particular, among Filipinos in the United States of America. Integrating literature from a variety of sources relating to the migration of Filipinos and the creation and management of new ventures by ethnic entrepreneurs in the United States, it proposes a general model of ethnic entrepreneurship, develops propositions relating to the propensity of Filipino emigrants to establish entrepreneurial ventures, and concludes with suggestions for future research.     

Examining the determinants of hotel chain expansion through international franchising

This study proposes and tests an agency-based organizational model of internationalization through franchising in the hotel sector. Using data obtained from a Franchisor Questionnaire 2001-2008, we analyzed a panel of 117 observations of 17 U.S.-based hotels. Our analysis reveals that a hotel franchisor's decision to internationalize through franchising is positively related to the percentage of franchises, the ratio of franchised units to the total number of units. The article contributes to the literature by empirically modeling international franchising of hotels, which present unique characteristics among franchising companies, with a high investment capital requirement, maturity in the product life cycle, and a high level of standardization and globalization of operations. The unique characteristics of individual chains and their segment in the industry are particularly important, as revealed by both data analysis and expert opinion.     

Inflation targeting in Brazil: constructing credibility under exchange rate volatility

This paper assesses the challenges faced by the inflation-targeting regime in Brazil. The inflation-targeting framework has played a critical role in macroeconomic stabilization. We stress two important challenges: construction of credibility and exchange rate volatility. The estimations indicate the following results: (i) the inflation targets have worked as an important coordinator of expectations; (ii) the Central Bank has reacted strongly to inflation expectations; (iii) there has been a reduction in the degree of inflation persistence; and (iv) the exchange rate pass-through for “administered or monitored” prices is two times higher than for “market” prices.     

Wage structure effects of international trade in a small open economy: the case of Belgium

This paper investigates the impact of international trade on wage dispersion in a small open economy, Belgium. It is one of the few to: (i) use detailed, matched employer-employee data to compute industry wage premia and disaggregated industry-level panel data to examine the impact of changes in international trade on changes in wage differentials, (ii) simultaneously analyse both imports and exports, and (iii) examine the impact of imports according to the country of origin. Looking at the export side, we find (on the basis of the system generalized method of moments estimator) a positive effect of exports on industry wage premia. The results also show that import penetration has a significant and negative impact on industry wage differentials. However, the detrimental effect of imports on wages is found to be significantly greater when imports originate from low- and middle-income countries than from high-income countries.     

The globalization of Chinese enterprises

The question of how and why Chinese firms globalize is one of the most pressing issues for businesses today. China's globalization process is nothing less than remarkable. The twenty‐first century will feature a developing country as the leader of the global economy by 2020, when, by most estimates, China's purchasing power parity (PPP) gross domestic product (GDP) surpasses America's. With China's new role on the world's stage, global economic and political institutions are likely to change. China's foray into Latin America, for example, has changed the traditional role that America has played in its “backyard.” While the Chinese government was given much credit for China's globalization, Chinese private‐ and family‐owned businesses have also propelled China outward. Our research stream and annual China Goes Global conference at Harvard has attempted to frame the questions associated with China's globalization. This special issue is another important step in this direction. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.