从“村庄型公司”到“公司型村庄”:后乡镇企业时代的村企边界及效率分析

本文以永联村和永钢集团为例,探讨了乡镇企业产权改革过程中的村企关系以及后乡镇企业时代公司型村庄的效率。分析结果表明,乡镇企业的产权改革会导致村企关系中企业、政府与乡村社区之间权力发生相对变化,但并不必然导致企业与村庄的相互独立,一种可能的村企关系发展路径是由村庄型公司转变为公司型村庄。永联村的案例表明,这种后乡镇企业时代的公司型村庄模式对企业和村庄而言均有较高的效率,可以实现企业与乡村社区整体利益的最大化。据此,本文进一步指出,乡镇企业产权改革不应一刀切地私有化到底,而应充分考虑企业与乡村社区的合作逻辑,在进行产权改革的同时,应通过确立新的制度化方式弥补硬性市场合约对社会性合约的消解,以确保后乡镇企业时代企业与乡村社区之间关系的和谐以及两者的稳定与可持续发展。     

个人主体性的释放:农村独子家庭分家实践研究——以江西省冈村为例

由于计划生育政策的推行,当今我国农村的主体家庭类型是独子家庭和纯女儿户家庭,以往分家研究中讨论的多子家庭的分家现象已经失去了普遍意义.以江西省冈村为例,主要从分家原因、分家实践特征这两方面考察了独子家庭的分家实践,讨论了独子家庭与多子家庭分家实践的差异.独子家庭的分家实践反映了家庭代际关系的变迁,实现了父子两代人均要追求独立自由的意愿.     

How do Agricultural Programmes Alter Crop Production? Evidence from Ecuador

Evaluating agricultural programmes requires considering not only the programmes’ influence on input and output indicators, but also considering the relationship between these indicators as embodied in the production technology. This article examines the impact on production of an intervention in the Ecuadorian Sierra designed to improve returns to potato production through training and through linking smallholders to high‐value markets. Critical to identifying the impact of the programme is the careful construction of a counterfactual and meticulous data collection. To assess the impact of the programme on production, a weighted estimation, where weights are constructed through propensity score matching, is employed to estimate a production function within a damage abatement framework. The function incorporates a series of interaction terms to assess the impact of the programme on the production technology. The findings provide evidence that the programme enhances yields both through a general shift in technology as well as increased input use. The results suggest that the use of effective farming techniques that are learned through the programme induce this technological shift.     

Informal barriers and agricultural trade: does monetary integration matter?

EU enlargement and the recent sovereign‐debt crisis of Euro zone countries have revived the debate around the (European Monetary Union) EMU. In this article we ask how informal barriers to agricultural and food trade have changed since the introduction of the common European currency, and whether this evolution can be attributed to monetary integration. We focus on the foreign trade of the 11 EMU founder countries over a nine‐year period covering the creation of the EMU and find a diminishing marginal trade impact of both information and institutional barriers. We find a lower level of trade barriers, but cannot attribute this outcome to the introduction to the Euro.     

Production risk,risk aversion and the determination of risk attitudes among Spanish rice producers

Agricultural production is subject to risk and the attitudes of producers toward risk will influence input choices insofar as these affect production risk. Risk attitudes in turn may be affected by certain socioeconomic characteristics of producers. Using 2004 survey data from a cross‐section of 130 Spanish rice farms, we estimate risk‐aversion coefficients of farmers and investigate the influence of a series of socioeconomic variables on their risk attitudes. Our results show that farmers exhibit risk‐averse behavior and that risk attitudes are related to a series of socioeconomic characteristics. In particular, the belief that the farm will continue after the producer retires is found to increase the degree of risk aversion, while age is found to have nonlinear effects on risk aversion. Off‐farm income, especially from nonagricultural activities, is found to reduce risk aversion. Neither the educational level of the producer nor the presence of dependents on the household is found to have an effect on risk preferences. Regarding the production technology, we find that land, labor, and fitosanitary products are risk‐reducing inputs, whereas capital, seeds, and fertilizer all increase risk.     

Off‐farm work,technical efficiency,and rice production risk in Taiwan

This article investigates the differences in yield production, production efficiency, and yield risk for farmers both with and without off‐farm work. Using a nationwide survey of rice farmers in Taiwan, we estimate two stochastic production frontier models that accommodate technical inefficiency and production risk simultaneously for farmers both with and without off‐farm work. The stochastic dominance criterion is then applied to compare the differences in the distributions of the estimated technical efficiency and yield risk between groups. The empirical results indicate that these two groups of farmers use resources in different ways, and off‐farm work is not necessarily associated with lower technical efficiency. For farmers in the lower percentiles of the efficiency distribution, those with off‐farm work are more efficient than their counterparts without off‐farm work. In addition, farmers with off‐farm work face higher production risk and this result is robust for the entire distribution.     

农民专业合作社融资问题与寻求破解的探索——以福建省为例

发展农民专业合作社是促进"三农"发展的有效途径之一.而资金问题早已是制约农民专业夸作壮发展的瓶颈,这点在福建省农民专业合作社发展过程中表现的尤为突出.文章通过对福建省农民专业合作社的实地调查,对当前福建省农民专业合作社融资存在的主要问题及融资特点进行剖析,并分析合作社融资难的原因,最后就如何破解融资难题提出对策建议.     

关于中国开展森林认证的几点建议

森林认证作为促进森林可持续经营和林产品市场准入的一种有效途径,近年来在世界范围内发展迅速。介绍了森林认证在国内外的进展现状,分析了我国开展森林认证的意义和必要性,提出了开展国际互认、实施森林认证产品政府采购政策等7项进一步推进我国森林认证工作的建议。     

我国消费信贷中个人信用制度建设的思考

消费信贷作为刺激消费、扩大内需、推动生产、拉动经济的重要举措,促进了我国消费市场的发展,也推动了个人信用制度建设的发展,但消费信贷中的违约风险也随之加大。本文根据我国消费信贷中个人信用制度的发展现状,围绕消费信贷来分析信用制度缺失对消费信贷带来的风险,从而提出了建立和完善行之有效的个人信用制度的政策建议。     

利用污泥生产生态水泥的研究

污泥是污水处理厂污水处理的必然产物。污泥中除了有机物外,往往还舍有20％-30％的无机物,主要是硅、铝、铁和钙等成分。一般情况下,污泥中的化学组成与粘土原料成分接近．利用污水处理厂污泥可替代部分粘土原料生产水泥。