《后资本主义社会》

<正>作者简介彼得.F.德鲁克:社会思想家,集作家、顾问、教授于一身。1909年11月19日生于奥地利维也纳,1937年移居美国,一生著有41部巨作。1939年出版《经纪人的末日》,收到丘吉尔的高度赞赏。1954年的《管理的实践》则奠定其大师级的不朽地位。之后的一系列著作构建了现代管理学的根基,因而他被尊称为"管理学教父"。但其本人则坚持以"社会生态学家"自诩,通过管理的哲学思想贯彻落实"自由而有功能的社会"愿景。2002年获美国总统布什颁发的"总统自由勋章",这是美国公民所能获得的最高荣誉。2005年11月11日辞世,享年95岁。     

Optimal migration policies: an analytical approach. Part I

This paper explores the analytical features of population distribution or human settlement policies. It proposes a methodology for quantitative policy analysis and policy design based on optimal control and system theory. The paper consists of two parts. This part shows how policy models may be derived from demographic and demoeconomic or demometric models by adding a new dimension: the goals-means relationship of population distribution policy. It examines a large class of relevant policy models and demonstrates their relationship to the original Tinbergen Theory of Policy, which provides a paradigm for static and dynamic policy analysis. Problems of existence and of design of optimal population distribution policies are studied analytically. In designing optimal policies, use may be made of the minimizing properties of generalized inverses.     

美国邮政承办的业务种类及其操作

一、美国的邮政业务分类美国邮政办理四类邮件业务,每类还分为不同小类和特别业务。各类业务根据用户的需要完成其基本职能,并且各类业务的服务要求也不相同。1.第一类邮件第一类邮件包括信函、明信片、邮卡和重量不超过12盎司的其他形状的邮件。在美国,因为大多数用户都使用第一类邮件业务,所以我们认为与其他三类     

The half-truth of first-mover advantage

Many executives take for granted that the first company in a new product category gets an unbeatable head start and reaps long-lasting benefits. But that doesn't always happen. The authors of this article discovered that much depends on the pace at which the category's technology is changing and the speed at which the market is evolving. By analyzing these two factors, companies can improve their odds of succeeding as first movers with the resources they possess. Gradual evolution in both the technology and the market provides a first mover with the best conditions for creating a dominant position that is long lasting (Hoover in the vacuum cleaner industry is a good example). In such calm waters, a company can defend its advantages even without exceptional skills or extensive financial resources. When the market is changing rapidly and the product isn't, a first entrant with extensive resources can obtain a long-lasting advantage (as Sony did with its Walkman personal stereo); a company with only limited resources probably must settle for a short-term benefit. When the market is static but the product is changing constantly, first-mover advantages of either kind--durable or short-lived--are unlikely. Only companies with very deep pockets can survive (think of Sony and the digital cameras it pioneered). Rapid churn in both the technology and the market creates the worst conditions. But if companies have an acute sense of when to exit-as Netscape demonstrated when it agreed to be acquired by AOL-a worthwhile short-term gain is possible. Before venturing into a newly forming market, you need to analyze the environment, assess your resources, then determine which type offirst-mover advantage is most achievable. Once you've gone into the water, you have no choice but to swim.     

Planning the leadership transition

According to the author, a successful leadership change should not be left to chance. Such a transition must be planned and carefully managed.     

超市的迅速发展对中国奶业的影响

超市正在迅速地改变着中国传统的奶业。超市在逐渐取代各种传统奶制品流通形式的同时，促进了全国统一奶制品市场的形成。随着超市(包括大卖场和连锁便利商店)的销售网络由大城市朝着中小城市及农村地区伸延，超市正在逐渐取代传统的零售商业，特别是小商店和个体商贩，改变着我国传统的包括奶业在内的农畜产品流通模式，以及它们的生产和消费结构。     

Volunteerism under the magnifying glass

Are you making a concerted effort to seek out and attract those volunteers who can really add value to your cause? Do you place as much emphasis on recruiting volunteers for the long-term as you do when hiring employees? Arguably, the answers to all of these questions should be a resounding "yes."