The purpose in this article is to evaluate the consistency between two measures of unemployment in a cross-country context.
We use the European Community Household Panel to identify unemployment at an individual level based as well on the ILO criteria
for being classified as unemployed as on the individual respondent reporting to be unemployed. This opens a unique opportunity
to compare unemployment measured in two different ways based on a cross European Union panel study covering the years 1994
to 2001. The two main questions addressed in this article are to which extent the two unemployment measures differ and whether
transition rates out of unemployment depend on which concept we use. Both questions are answered in the affirmative. The overall
conclusion is that it is important, especially in some of the EU countries, to include both measures of unemployment as guidelines
and indicators for policy. 相似文献
The tension that is often seen to exist between the ideals of liberalism and of democracy is examined in this paper in light of the distinction between two liberal outlooks at constitutional regimes, namely, on the one side, a liberal constitutionalism that focuses on the need to provide institutional safeguards of individual liberty as private autonomy and, on the other hand, a constitutional liberalism that focuses on the need to respect the freedom of individuals to choose the constitutional environment in which they wish to live. It is argued that a liberalism that consistently extends its fundamental ideal of individual sovereignty to the level of constitutional choice can be reconciled with the basic democratic ideal of citizen sovereignty. 相似文献
Peru is the second-largest producer and exporter of copper in the world. This paper proposes a novel approach to assess short-run and long-run effects of copper on Peru’s recent economic growth. Annual data over the 2014–2018 period were used to calculate a Mining Contribution Index (MCI). An institutional quality indicator of the World Competitiveness Index of the World Economic Forum measured the dependence of Peruvian economic growth on mining and the quality of its institutions, respectively. Then, monthly data during the period 2005–2018 were used to run vector autoregressive (VAR) and vector error correction (VEC) models to measure copper’s effects on the country’s economy over time. VAR-VEC models included copper production, exports, international price, investment, taxes paid by producing companies, and Peru’s gross domestic product (GDP). Stationarity and causality of variables were verified with the Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Granger tests, respectively. Due to the presence of non-stationary variables, a VEC model was implemented to forecast short- and long-run effects. The main results show that real GDP responds to copper output and other related explanatory variables differently, depending upon the instrument applied. Peruvian GDP has increased dependence on copper mining. The quality of its institutions could explain the presence of Dutch Disease or resource curse theory. Short- and long-run effects of copper output on GDP were generally statistically non-significant. GDP was statistically significant in relation to other mining variables, such as copper exports and the international price of copper.
Strategic niche management (SNM) is a recently developed approach that could help induce a broad socio-technical transition towards more sustainable development. It is designed to facilitate the introduction and diffusion of new sustainable technologies through protected societal experiments in fields such wind energy, biogas, public transport systems, electric vehicle transport and eco-friendly food production. A major challenge in SNM concerns the processes by which such experiments can evolve into viable market niches and ultimately contribute to a broader shift towards sustainable development. This paper sheds more light on this issue by systematically consolidating the main SNM studies, and by bringing in new insights from the literature that is in some sense complementary to SNM. These are studies on the development and commercialisation of radical innovations in large companies, and literature about infant industry protection and broader industrialisation processes in developing countries. A number of suggestions for implementing SNM are given. 相似文献
Second chance offers in online marketplaces involve a seller conducting an auction for a single object and then using information
from the auction to offer a losing bidder a take-it-or-leave-it price for another unit. We theoretically and experimentally
investigate this practice and compare it to two sequential auctions. We show that the equilibrium bidding strategy in the
second chance offer mechanism only exists in mixed strategies, and we observe that this mechanism generates more profit for
the auctioneer than two sequential auctions. We also observe virtually no rejections of profitable offers in the ultimatum
bargaining stage.
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