Global Engagement and Returns Volatility

This paper finds that a greater reliance on foreign market sales increases the volatility of firms’ stock returns, using high‐frequency data for publicly listed Japanese manufacturing firms over the period 2000–10. The two margins of global engagement we consider, namely, exports and sales via foreign affiliates (horizontal foreign direct investment), have both a positive and economically significant effect on firm‐level volatility. We find, however, that increasing the intensity of sales through foreign affiliates has a stronger effect on volatility than a similar change in export intensity. We also uncover evidence consistent with the notion that firms’ need to use external finance to cover the substantial costs involved in reaching foreign consumers can be an important channel through which firms’ participation in international markets increases their exposure to economic uncertainty.     

Leader Survival and Cabinet Change

Political leaders face both internal and external threats to their tenure as leaders. To retain office leaders need mass support, for instance to win elections. However, they also need to deal with potential internal party rivals. Using a game theoretic model, we examine how the incentives created by these competing pressures affect the retention of ministers across different political systems. Since non‐democratic leaders face relatively little threat from the masses, their concern is to reduce internal party risk. Therefore, they remove high performing ministers and retain mediocre and poor performers. As it becomes easier for the masses to replace the party in power, leaders must tradeoff internal and external threats. Retaining competent leaders improves party performance but generates an internal party rival.     

English auctions and the Stolper-Samuelson theorem

We prove that the English auction (with bidders that need not be ex ante identical and may have interdependent valuations) has an efficient ex post equilibrium. We establish this result for environments where it has not been previously obtained. We also prove two versions of the Stolper-Samuelson theorem, one for economies with n goods and n factors, and one for non-square economies. Similar assumptions and methods underlie these seemingly unrelated results.     

Rates of return to public agricultural research in 48 US states

The internal rate of return to public investment in agricultural R&D is estimated for each of the continental US states. Theoretically, our contribution provides a way of obtaining the returns to a local public good using Rothbart’s concept of virtual prices. Empirically, a stochastic cost function that includes own knowledge capital stock as well as spillover capital stock variables is estimated. Stochastic spatial dependency among states generated by knowledge spillovers is used to define the ‘appropriate’ jurisdictions. We estimate an average own-state rate of 17% and a social rate of 29% that compare well to the 9 and 12% average returns of the S&P500 and NASDAQ composite indexes during the same period.     

Taxation in the Tanzanian gold sector: Overview of impacts and possible solutions

This paper analyses the factors that reduce the gold sector's contribution to the Tanzanian government's revenue. Tanzania is among Africa's largest gold exporters. Yet ordinary Tanzanians have seen little benefit from this. This is partly because the government has enacted tax laws that are, as we shall see, overly favourable to multinational mining companies, and partly because of the same companies' business practices. Critics argue that the government fails to capture a substantial amount of state revenue as a result of low royalty rates, unpaid corporate taxes and tax evasion by major gold mine operators. This paper argues that the Tanzanian government should try to increase its share of revenues by taxation based on revenues, increasing its auditing skills and its involvement in mining, as well as by increasing the transparency of contracts and limiting the discretionary power of policy-makers in negotiating contracts.     

The effects of integrated manufacturing on job characteristics

From a sample of 203 Spanish plants in all manufacturing sectors empirical results show that integrated manufacturing (IM) has a positive effect on job variety, job autonomy and job interdependence for production workers. It is also found that IM is associated with greater job complexity, this effect being mainly mediated by the three abovementioned job characteristics.     

Voting by committees under constraints

We consider social choice problems where a society must choose a subset from a set of objects. Specifically, we characterize the families of strategy-proof voting procedures when not all possible subsets of objects are feasible, and voters’ preferences are separable or additively representable.     

Capital Mobility and Mexico's Challenge Toward Financial Integration

ABSTRACT

The analysis investigates the correlation between domestic saving and investment as a challenge to sustainably integrating capital stocks and flows in Mexico's quest to progress toward the long-term capacities of developed economies. If the integration of developing economies with developed ones entails the deepening of international capital markets, this would mean moving toward sustainable, long-term growth at the regional level via capital markets in which investment rates are limited by neither domestic saving nor domestic capital markets. By focusing on the Feldstein-Horioka puzzle of domestic investment-saving constancy across countries irrespective of structural changes, this paper analyzes how NAFTA and financial restructuring affected Mexico's saving and private investment decisions between 1970 and 2004. After checking for cointegration, a structural change model shows how investment is limited by saving rates in Mexico and abroad, which are not completely in line with other developing economies.

RESUMEN. El análisis examina la correlación que existe entre el ahorro interno y las inversiones, como un desafío respecto a la integración para respaldar el capital social y sus flujos, en la búsqueda mexicana de convergir hacia las capacidades largoplacistas de las economías desarrolladas. Si la integración de las economías en desarrollo con las desarrolladas implica la expansión del mercado de capitales internacional, al nivel regional esto significaría un desplazamiento hacia el crecimiento sostenible a largo plazo a través de los mercados de capital, donde las tasas de inversión no están limitadas por el ahorro interno ni por el mercado de capitales. Centrados en el rompe cabezas de Feldstein-Horioka sobre la constancia entre la inversión-ahorro internos a través de los países, independientemente de los cambios estructurales que se produzcan, este estudio analiza el efecto que el NAFTA y la reestructuración financiera han ejercido sobre la toma de decisiones mexicanas sobre el ahorro e inversiones privadas en un período que abarca de 1970 a 2004. Después de verificar la cointegración, el modelo de los cambios estructurales muestra las limitaciones que sufre la inversión debido a las tasas de interés vigentes en México ya que, externamente, ellas no están completamente y alineadas con las que rigen en otras economías en desarrollo que ya implementaron su apertura.

RESUMO. A análise examina a correlação entre a poupança doméstica e os investimentos, como um desafio à integração sustentável de fluxos de capital e capital social, na busca mexicana da conversão rumo às capacidades de longo prazo das economias desenvolvidas. Se a integração das economias em desenvolvimento com aquelas desenvolvidas expressar o aprofundamento do mercado internacional de capitais, isso significa rumar para o desenvolvimento sustentável, de longo prazo, no nível regional, através dos mercados de capital, onde os índices de investimento não são limitados pela poupança doméstica nem pelos mercados de capital domésticos. Enfocando o quebra-cabeça Feldstein-Horioka sobre a constância de investimento-poupança entre os países, sem levar em consideração as mudanças estruturais, este estudo analisa como a NAFTA e a reestruturação financeira afetaram as decisões de investimento privado e a poupança no México, entre 1970 e 2004. Após a verificação da co-integração, um modelo com as mudanças estruturais mostra como os investimentos são limitados pelos índices de poupança no México e no exterior, não completamente em linha com outras economias em desenvolvimento que se abrem.     

The Value of Territory: Towards a Marxist Geopolitics

The article argues for a Marxist geopolitics that moves beyond both critical geopolitics and the discredited classical geopolitics. It underlines the valorisation of territory by capital across three levels of abstraction: that of social infrastructure, class conflict and ground-rent proper. The recent Russian-Ukrainian gas wars are briefly analysed by way of illustrating the application of this distinctive approach to geopolitics.