Voting by committees under constraints

We consider social choice problems where a society must choose a subset from a set of objects. Specifically, we characterize the families of strategy-proof voting procedures when not all possible subsets of objects are feasible, and voters’ preferences are separable or additively representable.     

Capital Mobility and Mexico's Challenge Toward Financial Integration

ABSTRACT

The analysis investigates the correlation between domestic saving and investment as a challenge to sustainably integrating capital stocks and flows in Mexico's quest to progress toward the long-term capacities of developed economies. If the integration of developing economies with developed ones entails the deepening of international capital markets, this would mean moving toward sustainable, long-term growth at the regional level via capital markets in which investment rates are limited by neither domestic saving nor domestic capital markets. By focusing on the Feldstein-Horioka puzzle of domestic investment-saving constancy across countries irrespective of structural changes, this paper analyzes how NAFTA and financial restructuring affected Mexico's saving and private investment decisions between 1970 and 2004. After checking for cointegration, a structural change model shows how investment is limited by saving rates in Mexico and abroad, which are not completely in line with other developing economies.

RESUMEN. El análisis examina la correlación que existe entre el ahorro interno y las inversiones, como un desafío respecto a la integración para respaldar el capital social y sus flujos, en la búsqueda mexicana de convergir hacia las capacidades largoplacistas de las economías desarrolladas. Si la integración de las economías en desarrollo con las desarrolladas implica la expansión del mercado de capitales internacional, al nivel regional esto significaría un desplazamiento hacia el crecimiento sostenible a largo plazo a través de los mercados de capital, donde las tasas de inversión no están limitadas por el ahorro interno ni por el mercado de capitales. Centrados en el rompe cabezas de Feldstein-Horioka sobre la constancia entre la inversión-ahorro internos a través de los países, independientemente de los cambios estructurales que se produzcan, este estudio analiza el efecto que el NAFTA y la reestructuración financiera han ejercido sobre la toma de decisiones mexicanas sobre el ahorro e inversiones privadas en un período que abarca de 1970 a 2004. Después de verificar la cointegración, el modelo de los cambios estructurales muestra las limitaciones que sufre la inversión debido a las tasas de interés vigentes en México ya que, externamente, ellas no están completamente y alineadas con las que rigen en otras economías en desarrollo que ya implementaron su apertura.

RESUMO. A análise examina a correlação entre a poupança doméstica e os investimentos, como um desafio à integração sustentável de fluxos de capital e capital social, na busca mexicana da conversão rumo às capacidades de longo prazo das economias desenvolvidas. Se a integração das economias em desenvolvimento com aquelas desenvolvidas expressar o aprofundamento do mercado internacional de capitais, isso significa rumar para o desenvolvimento sustentável, de longo prazo, no nível regional, através dos mercados de capital, onde os índices de investimento não são limitados pela poupança doméstica nem pelos mercados de capital domésticos. Enfocando o quebra-cabeça Feldstein-Horioka sobre a constância de investimento-poupança entre os países, sem levar em consideração as mudanças estruturais, este estudo analisa como a NAFTA e a reestruturação financeira afetaram as decisões de investimento privado e a poupança no México, entre 1970 e 2004. Após a verificação da co-integração, um modelo com as mudanças estruturais mostra como os investimentos são limitados pelos índices de poupança no México e no exterior, não completamente em linha com outras economias em desenvolvimento que se abrem.     

Tourist modernisation and social legitimation in Spain

Spain's modernisation has been based, to a large extent, on the so‐called ‘residential tourism’. Its two‐fold nature—as a production model and a type of lifestyle migration—has complex repercussions. The aim of this paper is to delve, with a qualitative approach, into the key factors that explain the current social legitimation of this process by the Spanish society. The research suggests that the process is legitimated by its definition as an essentially tourism phenomenon. The label ‘tourism’ acts as some sort of ‘funnel’ that would not allow to go through it the problems associated with lifestyle migration or urbanisation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the adjustment speed of SMEs to their optimal capital structure

The aim of this paper is to analyse the speed of adjustment of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to the target leverage. By applying a system GMM technique to Spanish panel data collected during the period 1995?C2005, we estimate a partial adjustment model in which both target leverage and speed of adjustment are simultaneously endogenized. We provide empirical evidence on the determinants of target leverage and the speed of adjustment. More specifically, the rate of financial flexibility, growth opportunities and size are positively related to the speed of adjustment, whereas the distance to the optimal ratio of debt shows a negative impact. Our findings demonstrate that, in terms of sample mean, a high percentage of Spanish SMEs adjust rationally to their target. Additionally, the SMEs analysed appeared to be over-levered and fairly motivated to adjust (annual adjustment speed: 26%).     

Global Engagement and Returns Volatility

This paper finds that a greater reliance on foreign market sales increases the volatility of firms’ stock returns, using high‐frequency data for publicly listed Japanese manufacturing firms over the period 2000–10. The two margins of global engagement we consider, namely, exports and sales via foreign affiliates (horizontal foreign direct investment), have both a positive and economically significant effect on firm‐level volatility. We find, however, that increasing the intensity of sales through foreign affiliates has a stronger effect on volatility than a similar change in export intensity. We also uncover evidence consistent with the notion that firms’ need to use external finance to cover the substantial costs involved in reaching foreign consumers can be an important channel through which firms’ participation in international markets increases their exposure to economic uncertainty.     

Fiscal Transparency

Abstract

Quality of governance is a key for political accountability, hence, the importance of identifying its determinants. Here, we focus on one dimension of quality of governance: fiscal transparency. Drawing on a sample of 691 Catalan municipalities (2001–7), we estimate the factors determining levels of budgetary transparency. Political competition and decentralization are the most important determinants of fiscal transparency. By contrast, budgetary variables do not appear to play any role.     

Rates of return to public agricultural research in 48 US states

The internal rate of return to public investment in agricultural R&D is estimated for each of the continental US states. Theoretically, our contribution provides a way of obtaining the returns to a local public good using Rothbart’s concept of virtual prices. Empirically, a stochastic cost function that includes own knowledge capital stock as well as spillover capital stock variables is estimated. Stochastic spatial dependency among states generated by knowledge spillovers is used to define the ‘appropriate’ jurisdictions. We estimate an average own-state rate of 17% and a social rate of 29% that compare well to the 9 and 12% average returns of the S&P500 and NASDAQ composite indexes during the same period.     

Can structural small open-economy models account for the influence of foreign disturbances?

This paper demonstrates that an estimated, structural, small open-economy model of the Canadian economy cannot account for the substantial influence of foreign-sourced disturbances identified in numerous reduced-form studies. The benchmark model assumes uncorrelated shocks across countries and implies that U.S. shocks account for less than 3% of the variability observed in several Canadian series, at all forecast horizons. Accordingly, model-implied cross-correlation functions between Canada and U.S. are essentially zero. Both findings are at odds with the data. A specification that assumes correlated cross-country shocks partially resolves this discrepancy, but still falls well short of matching reduced-form evidence. One central difficulty resides in the model's inability to account for comovement without generating counter factual implications for the real exchange rate, the terms of trade and Canadian inflation.     

The challenges of using ranks to estimate sales

Researchers have frequently used data on product ranks to estimate nonpublic sales quantities, believing that there is a power-law-induced linear relationship between logged sales ranks and logged sales. Using essentially complete data on book sales, the most commonly used product in this literature, we find that the (double-logged) relationship between sales ranks and quantity sold is not linear, but robustly concave. We demonstrate that this concavity is likely to cause very poor sales predictions in many instances. We provide two concrete examples where applying this linear method to the concave relationship has led to serious errors in sales estimates. First, in the claim that the Internet's greater product variety in books has a large positive impact on social welfare, and second, in a claim about relative sales levels in top 20 and top 50 music “charts.” We also explore the use of nonlinear specifications as an alternative method to predict sales from ranks and find a simple specification that provides much better sales estimates. Finally, we examine the possibility that a particular type of biased sample might allow reasonable linear estimates of industry sales and conclude that it is possible but quite unlikely.