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861.
862.
Roy Brouwer Thijs Dekker John Rolfe Jill Windle 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2010,46(1):93-109
The main objective of this study is to examine how repeated choice affects preference learning in stated preference experiments.
We test different hypotheses related to preference learning by analyzing response patterns and asking respondents in a choice
experiment to report their experienced certainty when going through the choice tasks. In a split-sample test, we show that
follow-up choice certainty questions are procedural invariant. The self-reported certainty results indicate that learning
occurs, but econometric testing procedures do not identify any significant impact of learning effects on parameter estimates
or variance across choice tasks. Additional tests of choice consistency suggest that preferences in the choice experiment
are stable and coherent. 相似文献
863.
Chris Willett 《Journal of Consumer Policy》2010,33(3):247-273
This article analyses the unfairness concept from the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive (UCPD). It considers why the nature
and level of protection is particularly important given the range of coverage of the regime and the Europeanisation agenda.
It argues that the UCPD concept provides the potential for a relatively protective approach to consumer decision making. At
the same time, it emphasizes that realisation of this potential is partly dependent on recognizing the limits of transparency
as a protective tool and in understanding the “professional diligence” and “average consumer” concepts in particular ways.
It is further suggested that the protective potential of the regime is not necessarily undermined by the “average consumer”
concept or by the “informed decision-making” paradigm of the general unfairness clause. Indeed, the general clause may be
capable of extending the protective effects to some extent. Finally, it is suggested that regulators may have a key role to
play in maximizing both the level of protection and the prospects for a genuinely common European approach. 相似文献
864.
Sebastian Heselhaus 《Journal of Consumer Policy》2010,33(1):91-108
This article focuses on the risks of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies, and the challenges they pose to European consumer
law. These risks are exemplary for the sociological phenomenon of modern risk society, living under the condition of uncertainty
with regard to the likelihood and the extent of possible negative effects. Generally, in law important functions in risk societies
are fulfilled by the precautionary principle. It serves both, as a justification for state measures vis-à-vis other legal
interests, especially economic human rights, and as a request for state action in response to possible risks. This paper will
argue that the precautionary principle applies at least to health protection as a core part of consumer protection and basically
EU law is well equipped to deal with uncertainties. This is established in case law and practice. However, although there
is pressure to apply the precautionary principle to nanomaterials and nanotechnologies, the European Commission has adopted
a rather modest approach. That has been criticized especially by the European Parliament. For dealing with the gap in basic
research and methodology, this article suggests a burden sharing in financing taking into account both, the precautionary
principle and the principle of proportionality. 相似文献
865.
Oleg Badunenko 《Small Business Economics》2010,34(4):413-431
The German chemical manufacturing industry experienced major downsizing between 1992 and 2004, with the average size of firms
shrinking by nearly half during this period. This study uses modern frontier efficiency analysis to investigate the determinants
of this downsizing. Based on reliable census data, the results of this analysis suggest that firms were not primarily concerned
with improving technical efficiency, but with establishing an optimal scale of production. The proportion of scale-efficient
firms has been persistently increasing, and downsizing is found to be a rational conduct because all scale-inefficient firms
have continually operated under the decreasing returns portion of technology. 相似文献
866.
Fostering and supporting start-up businesses by unemployed persons has become an increasingly important issue in many European
countries. These new ventures are being subsidized by various governmental programs. Empirical evidence on skill-composition,
direct job creation and other key variables is rather scarce, largely because of inadequate data availability. We base our
analysis on unique survey data containing a representative sample of over 3,100 start-ups founded by unemployed persons in
Germany and subsidized under two different schemes: the bridging allowance (BA) and the start-up-subsidy (SUS). We are able to draw on extensive pre- and post-founding information concerning the characteristics of the business (start-up
capital, industry, etc.) and of the business founders (education, motivation, preparation, etc.). Our main results are: (1)
The two programs attracted very different business founders (higher skilled for the BA, more female persons for the SUS),
and different businesses were created (less capital intensive for the SUS). (2) We find that formerly unemployed founders
are motivated by push and pull factors. (3) Survival rates 2.5 years after business founding are quite high (around 70%) and similar for both programs
and across gender. (4) However, the newly developed businesses differ significantly in terms of direct employment effects.
While around 30% of the founders with the BA already have at least one employee, this is true for roughly 12% of the founders
with the SUS. 相似文献
867.
Firm size,age, industrial networking,and growth: a case of the Korean manufacturing industry 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper investigates the roles of firm size, age, and industrial networking in determining firm growth. Analyses using
the 2-year panel data of 7,889 Korean manufacturing firms between 1994 and 2003 confirm that firm size and age have significant
negative effects on firm growth and significant positive impacts on firm survival. R&D and export activities are found to
facilitate both firm growth and survival. The primary focus of this study is to examine the effects of industrial networking,
such as subcontracting and clustering, on firm growth. The results show that subcontracting does not yield any positive effect
for firm growth, but encumbers survival, which may be accounted for by the high subcontracting intensity among small firms.
Clustering, on the other hand, is found to promote firm growth and survival. There is, however, little evidence that such
a positive effect of clustering is derived from network externalities through cooperation and competition among firms in a
cluster per se. 相似文献
868.
Pecking order and debt capacity considerations for high-growth companies seeking financing 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper examines incremental financing decisions within high-growth businesses. A large longitudinal dataset, free of survivorship
bias, to cover financing events of high-growth businesses for up to 8 years is analyzed. The empirical evidence shows that
profitable businesses prefer to finance investments with retained earnings, even if they have unused debt capacity. External
equity is particularly important for unprofitable businesses with high debt levels, limited cash flows, high risk of failure
or significant investments in intangible assets. These findings are consistent with the extended pecking order theory controlling
for constraints imposed by debt capacity. It suggests that new equity issues are particularly important to allow high-growth
businesses to grow beyond their debt capacity. 相似文献
869.
870.
Stern Neill 《Marketing Letters》2010,21(2):135-147
There is limited evidence to explain the effect of organizational memory on marketing implementation. This paper addresses
this gap by identifying multiple components of organizational memory and examining how each affects marketing implementation.
Organizational memory is a collective recollection of the past that is embedded within firm culture, procedures, and expertise.
The findings demonstrate potential tradeoffs to linking versus locking into the firm’s past, particularly in turbulent environments.
By decomposing organizational memory’s effects, this paper explains how organizational memory can both enable and constrain
marketing implementation. 相似文献