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131.
132.
Alfred Wolf 《Intereconomics》1975,10(11):353-355
The present article, which is based on some chapters of the author’s doctorate thesis1, investigates why the trade in licenses between the Federal Republic of Germany and state-trading countries is at present still negligible. For this purpose the policy of the state-trading countries in regard to licenses is explained, the causes which impede this trade are pointed out and suggestions made for their removal. 相似文献
133.
134.
In this paper we study the relationship of fiscal policy and economicperformance of some core countries in the EU. Our aim is to find outwhether public deficit and public debt have consequences for real variables in the economies we consider. The background of our empirical study is a growth model that provides us with some predictions on the relationship between fiscal policy and economic growth. In a first step we then use Granger causality tests to analyze empirically whether some of the implications of our model arecompatible with the data. In a second step, we investigate whether the fiscalpolicies of the member states have been sustainable. Given this information,we then pursue the question of whether differences in the fiscal positions ofcountries have consequences as concerns the outcome of our empirical testsof step one. Finally, we study whether the impact of the public deficit ratiodepends on the magnitude of the debt ratio. 相似文献
135.
This paper analyzes firm incentives to diffuse and adopt advanced abatement technology for three different regimes of tradeable emission permits (auctioning, benchmarking, and grandfathering). We particularly consider technical change that decreases marginal abatement costs (MACs) only at high emission levels, whereas it increases them at low firm emissions. We establish that the desirability of the different regimes of allocating permits to firms is critically influenced by how MACs are changed by technological improvements. 相似文献
136.
The evidence-based medicine describes the effectiveness of medical therapies by statistical success rates. It’s results can serve as standards of healthcare in medical malpractice liability cases. In the following paper it is shown that these success rates depend on the subjective judging what success is. They further depend on the way how the won data are mathematically processed. The main problem however is that the success rates are of statistical nature. It is known from mathematical statistics that a statistic result does not give any information about the behaviour of a single and specific element, in case of medicine about the effect of a therapy on a concrete patient. In consequence competitive therapies cannot be compared on the basis of statistical information in a specific medical malpractice case. A doctor must therefore inform the patient prior to a therapy about this situation. 相似文献
137.
138.
Abstract. We provide empirical evidence on the degree and characteristics of price stickiness in Austria by estimating the average frequency of price changes and the duration of price spells from a large dataset of individual price records collected for the computation of the Austrian consumer price index. The mean (median) duration of price spells in Austria amounts to 14 (11) months, but there is considerable heterogeneity across sectors and products. We find that price increases occur only slightly more often than price decreases. For both directions, the average magnitude of price changes is quite large (11% and 14%, respectively). The introduction of the euro cash in January 2002 led to more frequent but, on average, smaller price adjustments than usual. Estimating the probability of a price change in a panel probit model, we find a small but positive effect of the price spell duration on the incidence of price changes. Furthermore, product‐specific inflation, the size and the sign of the last price change and the period of the euro introduction significantly affect the probability of a price change. 相似文献
139.
The paper argues that a process of capital accumulation exhibiting recurrent mass unemployment—due to the conflict over income distribution—does not represent a process that is adequate for a democratic society in the long run. The paper develops a basic macrodynamic framework where this process of cyclical growth is overcome by an ‘employer of first resort’ (an entity that provides employment security but not job security), added to an economic reproduction process that is highly competitive (flexible). Such a flexicurity system is characterized by high labor and capital mobility, with fluctuations of employment in the private sector made socially acceptable through a second labor market where all remaining workers are able to find meaningful occupation and sufficient income. We study on this basis a disaggregation of the labor market into skilled and high-skilled labor, as well as professional and political elites. The stability and sustainability propositions of the homogeneous labor case generalize to this extended situation. 相似文献
140.
Manfred Neumann Ingo Böbel Alfred Haid 《International Journal of Industrial Organization》1985,3(1):1-19
In a competitive fringe model the impact of concentration on price-cost margins can be shown to be ambiguous. Therefore, looking at the relationship between rates of return and concentration ratios is not sufficient for perceiving collusive elements. In this paper a model is set up that permits discerning collusion more clearly. Additional evidence concerning collusion can be gained by analyzing the influence of exports and imports on price-cost margins. Applying this approach to West Germany yields the result that the collusiveness prevailing in domestic markets has not visibly decreased in spite of a substantial increase in foreign trade. 相似文献