Chambers of Commerce,Effective Bridges

Chambers of commerce across the world has played a key role in bringing closer economic and trade ties between different countries, and CCPIT/CCOIC is one of them. Established in May 1952,China Council for the Promotion of Internation- al Trade(CCPIT)comprises VIPs,enter- prises and organizations representing the economic and trade sectors in China.     

The Impact of a Conditional Cash Transfer Programme on Consumption in Colombia*

This paper studies the impact of a conditional cash transfer programme in Colombia on the total consumption of very poor households and on its components. Our evaluation methodology involves comparing household expenditures in areas in which the programme was not implemented (control) and those in which it was (treated). We use a quasi‐experimental approach, as the Familias en Acción programme was not randomly assigned across localities, for political reasons. We condition on a large range of household‐ and municipality‐level characteristics, and also control for pre‐programme differences in the outcomes of interest using a differences‐indifferences methodology. We find that the programme has been effective at greatly increasing total consumption and its main component, food consumption, in both rural and urban areas. The programme has also contributed to improvements in the quality of food consumed, in particular of items rich in proteins (milk, meat and eggs) and of cereals. Furthermore, the programme has created redistributive effects in favour of children through expenditure on education and children's clothing, while it has not significantly affected consumption of adult goods such as alcohol and tobacco or adults’clothing.     

Taxation Policies Adjust,Motor Vehicles Boost

In recent years,Chinese automotive industry,as one of the pillar industries has kept on rising.In 2006,Chinese auto production ranked the third in the world. The governmental authorities are also studying the corresponding taxations to boost the healthy development of Chinese automotive industry. Mr.Shi Yaobin,Chief-Director of Taxation Department, the Ministry of Finance of ER.C,gave a lecture on current taxation items in China's auto industry and released infor-     

Welfare effects on the United States of a significant multilateral tariff reduction

This paper summarizes an estimate of the impact of a 50 percent multilateral tariff reduction on U.S. trade, employment, capital utilization, and economic welfare. In addition to calculating conventional measures of consumer surplus and revenue effects, the paper quantifies the economic adjustment costs faced by labor and capital-owners who are displaced by trade liberalization. Account is taken of both direct and indirect effects through utilization of the 367- sector U.S. input-output table. Some of the more interesting and important welfare dislocation estimates are highlighted on an industry-by-industry basis. In the aggregate, the calculated gains from trade liberalization dwarf the measured adjustment costs by a ratio of almost 20 to 1.     

Towards more effective consumer market-place interventions — A model for the improvement of O.F.T. codes of practice

In the U.K., the Office of Fair Trading (O.F.T.) is required to encourage trade associations to prepare and disseminate codes of practice for the enhancement of trading practices. In this paper the authors put forward a model of prerequisites for O.F.T. Code effectiveness. The model is then used to investigate and develop insight into the effectiveness of codes already in existence and to explain the successes and failures of these market-place interventions. Finally, the potential impact of the proposed general duty to trade fairly is considered in the context of the model.

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Effektivere Interventionen auf Konsumgütermärkten — ein Modellansatz für die Verbesserung der Verhaltensrichtlinien der englischen Wettbewerbsbehörde

Zusammenfassung Die englische Wettbewerbsbehörde, das Office of Fair Trading, ist verpflichtet, bei den einzelnen Wirtschaftsverbänden auf die Erarbeitung und Verbreitung von Verhaltensrichtlinien zu drängen, die der Verbesserung von Handelspraktiken dienen.Die Authoren stellen ein Modell der Voraussetzungen für die Effektivität solcher Verhaltensrichtlinien vor, das in Figur 1 zusammengefaßt ist. Mit Hilfe dieses Modells werden die bereits bestehenden Verhaltensrichtlinien analysiert. Vor allem werden die Erfolge und Mißerfolge solcher Markteingriffe erklärt. Schließlich wird die potentielle Wirkung der vorgeschlagenen allgemeinen Pflicht zu lauterem Wettbewerb im Lichte dieses Modells diskutiert.

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William Richardson is acting subject leader and a member of the Business Policy team at Sheffield City Polytechnic. He was formerly Consumer Affairs Officer for South Yorkshire County Council. His address: The Gables, Royston Road, Cudworth, Barnsley S72 8TU, S. Yorks, U.K. David Morris is Dean of the Faculty of Business at Coventry Lanchester Polytechnic, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, U.K.     

Over-investment of free cash flow

This paper examines the extent of firm level over-investment of free cash flow. Using an accounting-based framework to measure over-investment and free cash flow, I find evidence that, consistent with agency cost explanations, over-investment is concentrated in firms with the highest levels of free cash flow. Further tests examine whether firms’ governance structures are associated with over-investment of free cash flow. The evidence suggests that certain governance structures, such as the presence of activist shareholders, appear to mitigate over-investment.     

Value creation and destruction in cross‐border acquisitions: an empirical analysis of foreign acquisitions of U.S. firms

We conduct an investigation of the sources of gains and losses in cross‐border acquisitions in light of different motives for undertaking these transactions: synergy‐seeking, managerialism and hubris. We find that the data are consistent with the expectation that multiple sources of value creation exist in synergistic cross‐border acquisitions: asset sharing, reverse internalization of valuable intangible assets, and financial diversification. Gains accrue to bidder firm shareholders only for the least fungible of these sources of gains, i.e., reverse internalization. For value‐destroying acquisitions that are expected to be driven by managerialism, we find that the data are consistent with only one of the sources of value destruction that we examine, i.e., risk reduction. In these acquisitions, the evidence also suggests that the relative size of the target to the bidder mitigates the negative effects of risk reduction. Our results underscore the importance of considering the implications of alternative behavioral assumptions in empirical strategy content research. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

THE STATISTICS OF LONG-HORIZON REGRESSIONS REVISITED1

This paper compares commonly used approaches for estimating the relation between long-horizon returns and a predetermined variable X₁, such as dividend yields. Specifically, we look at regression of (i) nonoverlapping multiperiod returns on X_t (ii) overlapping multiperiod returns on X_t, (iii) single-period returns on multiperiod X_t, and (iv) single-period returns on X_t and its implied long-horizon regression coefficient. We provide analytical formulae which quantify the efficiency of the estimators used in the various approaches. Using the formulae, as well as Monte Carlo simulations, we demonstrate that the relative efficiency of the estimators used in the various approaches differs remarkably, depending on the dynamic structure of the regressor. of special interest for financial economists, when the regressors are highly autocorrelated, we find that the regressions (ii) (iii), and (iv) provide only marginal efficiency gains above and beyond the nonoverlapping long-horizon regression.     

An Empirical Re-Examination of the Cross-Section of Expected Returns: UK Evidence

This paper is a study of the Fama and French (1992) analysis in the UK context. Consistent with their findings, our results do not support a positive relationship between beta and average monthly returns. We find that book-to-market equity and market leverage are consistently significant in explaining UK average returns. Contrary to the Fama-French evidence, size has an insignificant effect on average returns. A puzzling negative beta-returns relationship is found in some monthly regressions,and results based on annual data reveal a reversal of betas for the smallest-size portfolios. Some possible explanations are offered for these findings.