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161.
Summary: Suppose for a homogeneous linear unbiased function of the sampled first stage unit (fsu)-values taken as an estimator of
a survey population total, the sampling variance is expressed as a homogeneous quadratic function of the fsu-values. When
the fsu-values are not ascertainable but unbiased estimators for them are separately available through sampling in later stages
and substituted into the estimator, Raj (1968) gave a simple variance estimator formula for this multi-stage estimator of
the population total. He requires that the variances of the estimated fsu-values in sampling at later stages and their unbiased
estimators are available in certain `simple forms'. For the same set-up Rao (1975) derived an alternative variance estimator
when the later stage sampling variances have more ‘complex forms’. Here we pursue with Raj's (1968) simple forms to derive
a few alternative variance and mean square error estimators when the condition of homogeneity or unbiasedness in the original
estimator of the total is relaxed and the variance of the original estimator is not expressed as a quadratic form.
We illustrate a particular three-stage sampling strategy and present a simulation-based numerical exercise showing the relative
efficacies of two alternative variance estimators.
Received: 19 February 1999 相似文献
162.
Anusorn Singhapakdi Janet K. Marta Kumar C. Rallapalli C. P. Rao 《Journal of Business Ethics》2000,27(4):305-319
This study examines the influence of religiousness on different components of marketing professionals' ethical decision making: personal moral philosophies, perceived ethical problem, and ethical intentions. The data are from a national survey of the American Marketing Associations' professional members. The results generally indicate that the religiousness of a marketer can partially explain his or her perception of an ethical problem and behavioral intentions. Results also suggest that the religiousness significantly influences the personal moral philosophies of marketers. 相似文献
163.
In this article, we define a new construct for urban economic and investment analysis, which revisits the conventional wisdom that investment in real estate development is riskier than investment in stabilized property assets. This new construct, referred as a “development asset value index” (DAVI), is a value index for newly developed properties (only) in a given geographical property market. It tracks longitudinal changes in the highest and best use (HBU) value of locations, and it reveals developer and landowner behavior taking advantage of the optionality inherent in land ownership. In particular, the DAVI reflects developers' use of flexibility in the exercise of the call option to (re)develop the property to any legal use and density. We empirically estimate a DAVI for commercial property (i.e., central locations) and compare it with a corresponding traditional transaction‐price‐based property asset price index (PAPI) corrected for depreciation. We believe that the difference primarily reflects the realized value of flexibility in land development. We find that the DAVIs display greater value growth and are smoother over time and less cyclical than their corresponding PAPIs for the same locations. This suggests that developers successfully use flexibility, and that development may be riskier than stabilized property investment due primarily only to leverage effects (construction costs). Practical implications are also discussed. 相似文献
164.
Satish Kumar Riya Sureka Weng Marc Lim Sachin Kumar Mangla Nisha Goyal 《Business Strategy and the Environment》2021,30(8):3454-3469
Business Strategy and the Environment (BSE) is a premier journal dedicated to interdisciplinary research that advances business practice leading to improvements in environmental performance. Using big data analytics, this review examines the intellectual structure and the drivers of research impact of BSE in the scholarly domain. The bibliometric results suggest three major findings. First, the top three countries contributing to BSE are the United Kingdom, the United States, and China. Second, BSE's research manifests through five thematic clusters, namely, business strategy and sustainability; corporate governance and sustainability reporting; green marketing and pro-environmental behavior; innovation and environmental policy; and environmental management systems. Finally, BSE's research impact in terms of citations is significantly influenced by author affiliation (United States); article age (older), appearance (lead article and special issue), length (longer), and method (mix methods); title length (shorter title); and number of keywords (more keywords) and references (more references). Implications for BSE's readers and future contributors are discussed. 相似文献
165.
Tiwari Aviral Kumar Shahbaz Muhammad Hasim Haslifah M. Elheddad Mohamed M. 《Journal of quantitative economics》2019,17(3):551-577
Journal of Quantitative Economics - We examined the spillover of inflation in selected Euro-area countries using monthly consumer price index (CPI) based inflation data covering the period 1955M1... 相似文献
166.
Sathish Kumar Sivasankaran 《International journal of injury control and safety promotion》2020,27(2):144-155
AbstractPedestrian safety is of growing concern with an increasing number of traffic accidents, especially in developing economies like India. In 2017, there were 20,457 pedestrian fatalities in India. Pedestrian crashes have also become a key concern in the state of Tamilnadu, India, due to the high percentage of deaths. If the available datasets are large and complex, identifying key factors is a challenging task. In this study, Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), an exploratory data analysis technique was used to explore the roadway, traffic, crash, and pedestrian-related variables influencing pedestrian crashes. This study used the data from Government of Tamilnadu Road Accident Traffic Management System (RADMS) database, to analyse accident data of nine years (2009–2017) related to pedestrian crashes. The results of the study show that crashes occurring on the express highways on a multilane road are often associated with hit-and-run behaviour among drivers. Factors such as lighting conditions, location, pedestrian behaviour, crossings, and physical separation are also significantly contributing to pedestrian crashes. The key advantage of MCA is that it identifies a possible association between various contributing factors. The findings from this study will be useful for state transport authorities to improve countermeasures for mitigating pedestrian crashes and fatalities. 相似文献
167.
The present model embeds a model of intra-industry trade into a labour market, which is characterised by efficiency wages. It is shown that tariff protection of the import competing, home produced brands, may cause the equilibrium unemployment rate to shoot up and instead of protecting the sector may cause it to contract. This is possible when elasticity of demand is high and firms have less market power and thus, protectionist effect of tariffs may get completely reversed. 相似文献
168.
Robert Kae Nicky Dries Jon P. Briscoe Richard D. Cotton Eleni Apospori Silvia Bagdadli K.
vgü akmak‐Otluolu Katharina Chudzikowski Anders Dysvik Martina Gianecchini Richa Saxena Yan Shen Marijke Verbruggen Ifedapo Adeleye Olusegun Babalola Tania Casado Jean‐Luc Cerdin Najung Kim Sushanta Kumar Mishra Julie Unite Zhangfeng Fei 《Human Resource Management Journal》2020,30(3):422-440
We introduce career success schemas as critical for understanding how people in different contexts perceive and understand career success. Using a comparative configurational approach, we show, in a study of 13 countries, that two structural characteristics of career success schemas—complexity and convergence—differ across country contexts and are embedded in specific configurations of institutional factors. Adopting complexity and convergence as primary dimensions, we propose a taxonomy of career success schemas at the country level. Based on this taxonomy, we contribute to the understanding of subjective career success across countries, discuss the importance of schemas for organisational career systems in multinational enterprises, and propose specific guidelines for future comparative careers research. 相似文献
169.
Value-at-Risk in the Presence of Structural Breaks Using Unbiased Extreme Value Volatility Estimator
Journal of Quantitative Economics - We provide a framework based on the unbiased extreme value volatility estimator to predict long and short position value-at-risk (VaR). The given framework... 相似文献
170.
ABSTRACTPurpose: This research examines how satisfaction toward a product and its associated services offered together by a single provider jointly affects behavioral intentions toward the provider.Design/methodology/approach: In this study, empirical tests were conducted using longitudinal data spanning 5 years from a multinational company that offers both products and associated services as part of a consumption system to their customers.Findings: Results show a joint congruent effect of product and services satisfaction on behavioral intentions is linear and positive. It appears that offering great service cannot compensate for less-than-adequate satisfaction toward the product. The results further highlight decreasing customer sensitivity to improvements in both sources of satisfaction and imply that focusing on too high levels of one type of satisfaction for their customers can actually be counterproductive for firms.Research Limitations: Our model was tested using the data obtained from a single firm. Future research could test this model with data from multiple firms in various different industries and establish broader generalizability to the findings.Practical Implications: Findings provide managers with insights on how to allocate resources across product and service spaces and to manage product and services revenues over time. Results also indicate that customer behavioral intention ratings are more weighted on product quality over the service received by them. However, mere improvements in the product cannot provide the highest desired results and therefore quality improvements in the product need to be complemented by improvements in service quality.Originality/Value: There is a rapid emergence of the phenomenon of manufacturers providing both products and services as an integrated consumption system to their customers. While the provision of both product and service subsystems by the same firm leads to certain synergies, there are obvious costs to the development of new service capabilities and coordination with existing product capabilities. Our research intends to address this issue. 相似文献