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61.
Both soft, noncontractible, and hard, contractible, information are informative about managerial ability and future firm performance. If a manager's future compensation depends on expectations of ability or future performance, then the manager has implicit incentives to affect the information. We examine the real incentive effects of soft information in a dynamic agency with limited commitment. When long-term contracts are renegotiated, the rewards for future performance inherent in long-term contracts allow the principal partial control over the implicit incentives. This is because the soft information affects the basis for contract renegotiation. With short-term contracts, the principal has no control over the basis for contract negotiation, and thus long-term contracts generally dominate short-term contracts. With long-term contracts, the principal's control over implicit incentives is characterized in terms of effective contracting on an implicit aggregation of the soft information that arises from predicting (forming expectations of) future performance. We provide sufficient conditions for soft information to have no real incentive effects. In general, implicit incentives not controllable by the principal include fixed effects, such as career concerns driven by labor markets external to the agency. When controllable incentives span the fixed effects of career concerns, the latter have no real effects with regard to total managerial incentives—they would optimally be the same with or without career concerns. Our analysis suggests empirical tests for estimating career concerns that should explicitly incorporate noncontractible information. 相似文献
62.
Migration Flows and Intra-Industry Trade Adjustments 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In this paper we analyse the link between trade and migration. Focusing on the experience of Spain, we relate a marginal index
of intra-industry trade to the stock of foreign workers—classified according to their country of origin and their situation
in the Spanish labour market. We focus on the possibility that existing networks of foreign workers and their connections
with their countries of origin could stimulate trade with the host country. Our results show a significant impact of the number
of immigrants with work permits on intra-industry trade adjustment. However, this impact being positive or negative depends
on whether foreign workers are employees or self-employed, the duration of the work permits and the type of job they occupy.
JEL no. F10, F14, F15, F22 相似文献
63.
64.
Why does the rate of population growth decline in the face of economic growth? We show that growing product variety may induce a permanent reduction in the demand for children and a continuous rise in income and consumption. 相似文献
65.
Entrepreneurship,export orientation,and economic growth 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this paper the relationship between a country’s prevalence of new ventures and its rate of economic growth is investigated,
while taking into account new ventures’ export orientation. It is generally acknowledged that new venture creation as well
as export activity may both be important strategies for achieving national economic growth. However, to our knowledge no attempt
has been made to investigate empirically the role of export-driven new ventures in economic growth. We focus on the national
level and use data for a sample of 34 countries over the period 2002–2008. Our results suggest that, on top of a positive
relation between entrepreneurial activity in general and subsequent macroeconomic growth, there is an additional positive
effect of export-oriented early-stage entrepreneurship in higher-income countries. However, there is no such additional effect
in lower-income countries. 相似文献
66.
Claude D'Aspremont Rodolphe Dos Santos Ferreira Louis‐André Gérard‐Varet 《International Journal of Economic Theory》2010,6(3):273-295
We show, within a single industry, the possibility that R&D‐investment is non‐monotonically related to competitive toughness: increasing when competition is soft and decreasing when competition is tough. This possibility results from the combination of a Schumpeterian markup squeezing effect discouraging innovation, and a concentration effect spurring innovators. It is obtained in a sectoral model where the number of innovators is random and where non‐successful investors may remain productive. The result is extended to a multisectoral stochastic endogenous growth model with overlapping generations of consumers and firms, the number of which is endogenously determined in the capital market. 相似文献
67.
Assessing and controlling for nonresponse bias is critical for the validity and reliability of survey‐based logistics research. In order to gain a better understanding of how researchers assess and report nonresponse bias in their studies, we analyzed articles published from 1998 through 2007 in three top logistics journals (International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, Journal of Business Logistics, Transportation Journal). We describe and explore how nonresponse has been handled in these articles. Our findings show that first, survey response rates have declined over time; this influences the generalizability of survey results in case of nonresponse. Second, an average of 44% of published mail survey articles does not mention tests for detecting nonresponse bias. 相似文献
68.
Antonio Navarro Fernando Losada Emilio Ruzo José A. Díez 《Journal of World Business》2010,45(1):49-58
The aim of this exploratory paper is to fill an important gap in the international marketing literature by examining the influence of firm behavior in foreign markets (export commitment and adaptation of marketing tactics) on perceived competitive advantages and export performance. Using a sample of 150 Spanish export firms, the study found that firms that are more committed to their foreign markets are more willing to adapt elements of the marketing program. These firms also perform better in foreign markets. Moreover, the results also point out that adapting marketing tactics does not have direct effects on export performance, although it does have on the achievement of perceived competitive advantages in foreign markets, which positively influence export performance. 相似文献
69.
Andrés Leal Julio López-Laborda Fernando Rodrigo 《International Advances in Economic Research》2010,16(2):135-148
The aim of this paper is to undertake a review of the most important literature on the phenomenon of fiscally induced cross-border
shopping. Following the presentation of the principal theoretical models, the study concentrates on applied literature. Firstly,
the elements common to the diverse applications are described, and then, a detailed analysis of the research undertaken into
cross-border shopping for alcoholic drinks, tobacco, fuel, and lotteries is provided, concluding with a reference to the interaction
between cross-border purchases and those effected over the internet. The results achieved by the empirical research coincide
and support the principal result of the theoretical literature: the tax differentials between neighboring territories induce
consumers to purchase in the territory where taxation is lower, on the condition that the tax saving compensates for the transport
costs associated with the travel made by the purchaser in order to take advantage of the lower taxation. 相似文献
70.
This article summarizes a 1994 World Bank working paper on methodological issues and a study of the determinants of child mortality and fertility in Ghana and the Cote d'Ivoire. Data were obtained from the 1985, 1986, and 1987 Cote d'Ivoire Living Standards Survey and the 1987-88 and 1988-89 Ghana Living Standards Survey. Both surveys entailed two-stage, self-weighted stratified samples. The study sample included women who had at least one birth 5 or more years before the survey. The conceptual framework distinguishes between endogenous and exogenous variables affecting fertility. The statistical approach relies on parallel reduced-form techniques. Model I assumes that all explanatory variables are exogenous. Model II excludes husbands' characteristics and household composition. Model III assumes that excluded model II factors are exogenous and likely to affect child mortality and fertility. Findings indicate that economic resources of households, maternal education, access to markets, and food prices were associated with child mortality in Ghana. Sanitation in both countries affected child survival only for less educated mothers. Urban residence in Ghana particularly benefitted uneducated mothers. In Cote d'Ivoire, household assets were not a significant predictor of child mortality. When child mortality is treated as exogenous in fertility model I, only 4-15 fewer child deaths were associated with a reduction of only one birth. Local health programs and environment explained little of the variation in child mortality in both countries. Women's education was strongly related to fertility declines in both countries. Assets and maternal health were positively related to fertility in Cote d'Ivoire and negatively related in Ghana. Findings suggest that the negative effects of household assets on fertility apply in urban subsamples among older women in each country. The authors conclude that economic growth must occur simultaneously with increased levels of female education and urbanization. 相似文献