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31.
Valuing a change in the risk of death is a key input into the calculation of the benefits of environmental policies that save
lives. Typically such risks are monetized using the Value of a Statistical Life (VSL). Since the majority of the lives saved
by environmental policies are those of older persons, there has been much recent debate about whether the VSL should be lower
for the elderly to reflect their fewer remaining life years. We conducted a contingent valuation survey in the UK, Italy and
France designed to answer this question. The survey was administered in these three countries following a standardized protocol.
Our results suggest that the VSL is €1.022 million or €2.264 million, depending on whether we use median or mean WTP. The
VSL is not significantly lower for older persons, but is higher for persons who have been admitted to a hospital or emergency
room for cardiovascular and respiratory problems. Income is positively and significantly associated with WTP. The income elasticities
of the WTP increase gradually with income levels and are between 0.15 and 0.5 for current income levels in EU countries. We
use the responses to the WTP questions to estimate the value of an extension in remaining life expectancy. The value of a
loss of one year’s life expectancy is €54,000 or €163,000. 相似文献
32.
中国现行失业保障面临重重困境,迫切要求探索失业保障的制度创新。针对实践中出现的新型失业保障模式,对政府—社会合作型失业保障体系的构建进行初步探讨,对于建立以政府主导的失业保险为基础,非营利组织失业救助为补充,政府、企业和非营利组织合作促进再就业,以社区作为政府—社会合作的结合部的失业保障体系具有一定的现实意义。 相似文献
33.
In this article, we study the welfare effects of unfunded social security in a general equilibrium model populated with overlapping generations of altruistic individuals that differ in lifetime expectancy and earnings ability. Contrary to previous research, our results indicate that steady‐state welfare increases with social security for most households, although by very different amounts. This result is mainly due to two factors. First, the presence of two‐sided altruism significantly mitigates the crowding out effect of unfunded social security. Second, ability shocks and uncertain lifetimes generate significant heterogeneity among households to yield different induced preferences for social security. 相似文献
34.
In this paper, estimates of the elasticities that characterize the structure of demand for farmed salmon in Spain and Italy are reported. The demand models are specified using a Box-Cox transformation of the variables and a Hausman test is used to determine price endogeneity in the demand equations. The results show short-run unitary own-price elasticity of demand for farmed salmon in both markets, but long run estimates show significant elastic price response. Short run substitution of salmon for other fish species is not observed and, for both Spain and Italy, farmed salmon is characterized as a luxury good. Interestingly, we show that our a priori expectations about own-price elasticities being lower in smaller market areas is confirmed. Finally, the results obtained are compared to other recent results reported in the salmon demand literature. 相似文献
35.
Arne Martin Torgersen Finn R. Førsund Sverre A. C. Kittelsen 《Journal of Productivity Analysis》1996,7(4):379-398
In non-parametric methods many units are calculated as efficient. The article suggests a method for ranking efficient units, not by their efficiency, but by importance as benchmarks for the inefficient units, in contrast to earlier suggestions in the literature which rank units high if they are specialized. However, the total potentials for improvement frequently remain unrevealed by calculating radial efficiency measures of the Farrell type only. The article therefore first develops efficiency measures that explicitly extend the radial measures to include slacks. The new measures are applied to a typical multidimensional small-sample data set for Norwegian employment offices. 相似文献
36.
Given that electricity distribution is undertaken via a network, it is expected that costs of production are affected both by the nature of the network and the volume of physical output distributed via the network. This two-dimensional concept of firm size, that is involving network size (number of customers) and the level of physical output (kWh), also corresponds to the distinction between productivity measures of returns to density and returns to scale.This approach has been used to specify a restricted multioutput cost function and to estimate this function for the Norwegian electricity distribution industry through the use of a flexible functional form (translog). The results indicate that no economies of scale are present in the industry even for small plants when measured correctly, but that economics of density are present. 相似文献
37.
The paper presents a framework for analyzing the effect of changing expectations about future prices on a firm's choice of technique, and on its anticipated scrapping of capital equipment. Assuming a putty-clay technology, particular attention is paid to the way in which the scrapping age depends on the degree of ex ante input substitution. Numerical illustrations — based on data for Norwegian manufacturing for the years 1964–1983, an ex ante technology represented by a Generalized Leontief cost function in materials, energy, labor, and capital, and an ARMA representation of the price expectation mechanism — are presented. The results indicate that the price changes in this period may have had a substantial impact on planned scrapping, and on the chosen production techniques. 相似文献
38.
What is the cost of off-site hazardous waste disposal? In addition to paying for disposal fees and shipments costs, generators of hazardous waste can potentially be held liable for the cost of cleanup if the waste disposal site contaminates the environment after closure or abandonment and thus falls under the federal or state Superfund legislation. This paper empirically examines the sensitivity of individual hazardous waste generators to these categories of costs, exploiting the variation across states in factors influencing disposal costs, and in the structure of the liability imposed on waste generators under certain circumstances by state laws. We fit nested logit models to predict the waste management method (incineration or landfill disposal) and the state of destination for shipments of halogenated solvent waste used for metal cleaning in manufacturing and reported in the Toxic Release Inventory in 1988–1990. Waste generators respond to transportation costs and to proxies for current disposal costs. Generators also find the concurrent presence of strict and joint-and-several liability a deterrent, but this deterrent effect does not vary with the wealth of the firm or the volume of the waste shipped. 相似文献
39.
Some countries are importers while others are exporters of global backbone connectivity. At the same time, input components
such as local access are non-traded. This paper analyzes a non-cooperative regulatory game between importing and exporting
countries, assuming that the prices of both traded and non-traded inputs can be regulated. We show that exporting countries
choose a more restrictive regulation of non-traded goods than importing countries do. We further show that a requirement of
international non-discrimination may hurt importing countries, and give firms producing traded inputs incentives to invest
in quality degradation. 相似文献
40.