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81.
We test a sample of 3,586 banks from 33 European countries to determine whether performances above or below a social aspiration level (median performance of peer banks) influence banks’ aggregate risk levels. Our results are consistent with the behavioural theory of the firm and prospect theory in that we find that bank performance below a bank’s social aspiration level is followed by increased aggregate risk, i.e. risk-taking behaviour in the subsequent year. Although under-performing banks tend to be risk-takers, large banks and banks with high aggregate risk levels tend to limit the increase in their aggregate risk levels. 相似文献
82.
Open Source Software projects base their operation on a collaborative structure for knowledge exchange in the form of provision
or reception of information, expertise and feedback on the creation of source code. Here, we address the direction of these
knowledge flows among projects throughout social networks and their impact on project success. We identify the roles of membership
or contribution that individuals play within projects. We found that connections through contributors who bring their knowledge
to the project, improve project success, and that connection through members, who transfer their knowledge towards other projects,
enhance project success. Finally, we found that ties through shared membership and contributions hamper project success. The
analysis of knowledge flows and their impact on project success imply a translation of returns from investment in social capital,
where investment takes the shape of knowledge flows and the returns mean the projects’ diffusion over the network.
相似文献
Clara E. GarcíaEmail: |
83.
Due to the rapid development of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in recent years, spatial data analysis has received considerable
attention and played an important role in social science. Although many standard statistical techniques are attractive in
traditional data analysis, they cannot be implemented uncritically for spatial data. Generally, most of the studies in spatial
data analysis can be divided into two branches: the model-driven approach and the data-driven approach. The main aim of this
paper is the comparison of both approaches. To carry out such a task, crime rate data in Columbus (Ohio), coming from a well-known
database, have been used. The main aim of this paper is to illustrate how spatial effects can be viewed as spatial econometric
models, which assess the limitations of standard techniques in a spatial context, suggesting alternative methods to deal with
this problem. An application to the crime rate in Columbus (Ohio) has been carried out.
相似文献
Gema Fernández-Avilés CalderónEmail: |
84.
We study minimum cost spanning tree problems with groups. We assume that agents are located in different villages, cities,
etc. The groups are the agents of the same village. We introduce a rule for dividing the cost of connecting all agents to
the source among the agents taking into account the group structure. We characterize this rule with several desirable properties.
We prove that this rule coincides with the Owen value of the TU game associated with the irreducible matrix. 相似文献
85.
There has been a growing interest on inflation perceptions in the euro area, in particular, following the euro cash changeover.
It has been pointed out that a gap emerged between observed and perceived inflation since the introduction of the euro notes
and coins. Such a statement relies on the fact that inflation perceptions, measured by the well-known balance statistic from
the European Commission’s consumer survey, hiked after January 2002 and remained high thereafter, as opposed to the observed
inflation, which has remained fairly stable. In this paper, we discuss the measurement of inflation perceptions, by comparing
the balance statistic with a refined alternative measure, which is computed using the probability method. We argue that the
balance statistic should be used carefully, as it can lead to misleading conclusions. In fact, we find no evidence, both for
euro area and individual countries, of the breakdown in the relationship between observed and perceived inflation, as measured
by the proposed alternative measure, at the time of the euro cash changeover. 相似文献
86.
Andrés Leal Julio López-Laborda Fernando Rodrigo 《International Advances in Economic Research》2010,16(2):135-148
The aim of this paper is to undertake a review of the most important literature on the phenomenon of fiscally induced cross-border shopping. Following the presentation of the principal theoretical models, the study concentrates on applied literature. Firstly, the elements common to the diverse applications are described, and then, a detailed analysis of the research undertaken into cross-border shopping for alcoholic drinks, tobacco, fuel, and lotteries is provided, concluding with a reference to the interaction between cross-border purchases and those effected over the internet. The results achieved by the empirical research coincide and support the principal result of the theoretical literature: the tax differentials between neighboring territories induce consumers to purchase in the territory where taxation is lower, on the condition that the tax saving compensates for the transport costs associated with the travel made by the purchaser in order to take advantage of the lower taxation. 相似文献
87.
Concepción?Rey MejíasEmail author Helena?Lenihan Bernadette?O’Regan 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2010,45(1):113-132
The European Treaty supports the application of the polluter pays principle in all environmental policies including the Water
Framework Directive. This paper assesses the efficiency of water-charging systems in two European regions. The regions examined
are the South west region of Ireland and the Navarre region in Spain which were selected because they are similar in terms
of economic indicators but different in terms of water pricing structures. The paper describes the development and application
of a simple model to analyse data on water-charging systems from these two regions. We present the results of a detailed scenario-based
investigation illustrating the differences between experience, composition and basis, impact and constraints on the application
of water charges for both regions. The key findings are that existing water charges do not provide incentives for users to
use water efficiently and thereby do not contribute effectively to the environmental objectives of the Water Framework Directive. 相似文献
88.
We analyze the impact of product diversification on performance. This topic has been discussed in the literature, and there
is no consensus so far as to the significance or the direction of the impact. Performance is measured using Tobin's q for
a sample of 103 large, non-financial Spanish firms (1992–1995). Diversification is measured by means of a categorical variable,
as suggested by Varadarajan. The principal results indicate that the firms with intermediate levels of product diversification
have the highest performance, while the firms with low and high levels of diversification show significantly lower performance,
which performance is not significantly different between them. 相似文献
89.
This paper applies the standard Austrian theory of capital investment to the standard interest group model of legislator behavior. Distinguishing between reputational capital and representative capital as interdependent forms of political capital, I argue that legislator behavior (specifically roll call voting) can be explained as entrepreneurial investment in political capital under uncertainty. I discuss several examples in which this approach can potentially add predictive power regarding legislative voting. 相似文献
90.
Fiscal harmonization among the European Union member states is a goal involving major difficulties for its implementation. Each country faces a particular trade-off between fiscal revenues generated by taxation and the productive efficiency loss induced by their respective tax code. This paper provides a quantitative analysis of these trade-offs for a number of the European Union (EU-15) member states using a dynamic general equilibrium model with public inputs. Calibration of the model for the EU-15 member states provides the following results: i) the maximum tax revenue level is relatively far from the current tax levels for most countries; ii) the cases of Sweden, Denmark and Finland are anomalous, as productive efficiency can be gained by lowering tax rates without affecting fiscal revenues; iii) in general, countries would obtain efficiency gains without changing fiscal revenues by reducing the capital tax and increasing the labor tax; and iv) capital tax harmonization to the average capital tax rate can be done with quite small changes in both fiscal revenues and output for most countries. 相似文献