The Impact of the Proposed June 1987 Income Tax System on Saskatchewan Grain and Hog Operations

The changes to the federal income tax system proposed in June 1987 are analyzed for their impact on farm size and competitiveness of Saskatchewan grain and hog operations. Farm growth, income and income taxes paid are simulated over a 20-year period. The June 1987 proposed tax system is projected to be progressive in taxing grain operations when there is no land inflation and excess depreciation is recaptured, but is nearly neutral or slightly regressive when the Saskatchewan livestock tax credits are taken into account. Assuming no land inflation and recapture of excess depreciation, small grain operations pay less income tax than small livestock operations, medium-sized grain operations pay slightly more but large grain operations pay considerably more taxes than the corresponding hog operations. The elimination of the capital cost allowance recapture tends to increase the competitive advantage of the hog operation over the grain operation, but a modest 4% annual increase in land values coupled with capital gains exemptions increase dramatically the overall competitive advantage of the grain operation over the hog operation. Les modifications apportées au régime d'impôt sur le revenu proposé en juin 1987 sont analysées pour leurs répercussions sur la taille des exploitations et la compétitivité des céréaliculteurs et des éleveurs de pores de la Saskatchewan. On a simulé la croissance des exploitations, le revenu et les impôts sur le revenu payés au cours d'une période de 20 ans. Le régime fiscal proposé de juin 1987 se veut progressif dans l'imposition des fermes céréalières lorsqu'il n'y a pas d'inflation du prix des terres et que l'amortissement excédentaire est récupéré, mais est pratiquement sans incidence sur les fermes ou légerement régressif à cause des crédits d'impôt consentis sur le bétail de la province. En sup-posant l'absence d'inflation du prix des terres et la récupération de l'amortissement excédentaire, les petits producteurs de céréales paient moins d'impôt sur le revenu que les petits éleveurs de bétail, les producteurs moyens en patient légèrement plus, mais les gros producteurs paient beaucoup plus d'impôt que les éleveurs correspondants de pores. L'élimina-tion de la déduction pour amortissement a tendance à accroître l'avantage concurrentiel des éleveurs par rapport aux producteurs, mais un modeste 4% d'augmentation annuelle de la valeur des terres, conjugué à des exonérations pour gains en capital, augmente de facon dramatique l'avantage concurrentiel global dont jouit le producteur par rapport à l'éleveur de pores.     

Modelling stochastic crop response to fertilisation when carry-over matters

Soils in a large part of Niger's agricultural area are sandy and very low in nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and organic matter. This low soil fertility combined with low and erratic rainfall constitutes a severe constraint on food cropping in the area. Although agronomists have advised chemical fertilization as a means of improving soil fertility, little fertilizer has been used in this area of the world. The economic management of soil fertility in the agricultural area of Niger is analyzed using a dynamic model of farmer decision-making under uncertainty. The model is based on agronomic principles of plant growth and accounts for the carry over of P, an immobile nutrient. At current input prices, a soil P content of at least 14 ppm is found to be desirable. This target is above the natural soil fertility level of about 3 ppm. It can be maintained with a moderate annual application (12 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1) of simple superphosphate. Results also suggests that returns to N fertilization are too low and variable to warrant the use of this input.     

Screening,Competition and the Choice of the Cooperative as an Organisational Form

Cooperatives are distinguished from investor-owned firms by different decision-making processes. A model is developed in which more cumbersome decision making by cooperatives may be compensated for by improved decision making. Conditions are derived under which cooperatives become efficient organisational forms. It is also shown that circumstances exist in which investor-owned firms and cooperatives can coexist in equilibrium. Finally, circumstances are identified in which competition results in a prisoners dilemma which comprises investor-owned firms only. Favourable public policy treatment of cooperatives may prevent this equilibrium outcome from occurring.     

EFFECTS OF THE FARMER SUPPORT PROGRAMME AND CHANGES IN MARKETING POLICIES ON MAIZE PRODUCTION IN SOUTH AFRICA

This article analyses the effects of action aimed at narrowing the gap between South Africa's ‘two agricultures’, specifically the effects of the Farmer Support Programme (FSP) on structural aspects of maize production under different marketing policies. This is done by assembling a sectoral linear programming model of the South African summer-rainfall grain-producing area. The emphasis is on the inclusion of supply, demand and production risk. Results show that the effects of a successful FSP on specific interest groups, e.g. consumers of a specific product, or producers in a specific region, depend on the marketing policy followed, as well as on the effectiveness of the FSP. The analysis accentuates the interrelationships in South African crop production and illustrates how past policies ignored regional comparative advantages, distorted regional development and affected social welfare.     

Dynamic Panel Data Evidence on the Trade-Income Relation

This paper revisits the relationship between a country’s openness and its per capita income. Building on Frankel and Romer, it argues that a dynamic econometric specification similar to the ones used in empirical growth studies better fits the theoretical literature and also resolves some otherwise unresolved inconsistencies. The preferred econometric method is Blundell and Bond’s system-GMM estimator, which allows dealing with measurement error, weak instruments, and time-invariant country-specific effects. The findings confirm the existence of a strong effect of trade on income but fail to find evidence for trade as an independent factor of divergence. JEL no. F43, O40