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171.
As for many problems of a social nature, behaviour in the face of environmental risk is likely to take two major forms: on the one hand, the expression of dissatisfaction, on the other hand, distancing in relation to the problem; voice in the first case, exit in the second. The result of this observation is that the idea originated by Albert Hirschman in Exit, Voice, and Loyalty can seem to be appropriate for analysing individual and collective reactions, in the face of environmental risks. This is the hypothesis defended in this article. After a general presentation of Hirschman's analytical schema and a few of the debates it has provoked, we consider an application to the case of a polluting factory in the mining basin of Nord - Pas de Calais (France). For this case study, we try to show the particular forms of voice and exit and their articulation. We then consider a generalisation, by emphasising four key variables in the analysis: scale of damages, geographical area of the problem, uncertainty content, and complementarity with other issues. 相似文献
172.
Environmental Kuznets Curve with Adjusted Net Savings as a Trade‐Off Between Environment and Development
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The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesises that emissions first increase at low stages of development then decrease once a certain threshold has been reached. The EKC concept is usually used with per capita Gross Domestic Product as the explanatory variable. As others, we find mixed evidence, at best, of such a pattern for CO2 emissions with respect to per capita GDP. We also show that the share of manufacture in GDP and governance/institutions play a significant role in the CO2 emissions–income relationship. As GDP presents shortcomings in representing income, development in a broad perspective or human well‐being, it is then replaced by the World Bank's Adjusted Net Savings (ANS, also known as Genuine Savings). Using the ANS as an explanatory variable, we show that the EKC is generally empirically supported for CO2 emissions. We also show that human capital and natural capital are the main drivers of the downward sloping part of the EKC. 相似文献
173.
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175.
Charles?BellemareEmail author Bertrand?Melenberg Arthur?van?Soest 《Portuguese Economic Journal》2002,1(2):181-203
An overview is presented of some parametric and semi-parametric models, estimators, and specification tests that can be used to analyze ordered response variables. In particular, limited dependent variable models that generalize ordered probit are compared to regression models that generalize the linear model. These techniques are then applied to analyze how self-reported satisfaction with household income relates to household income, family composition, and other background variables. Data are drawn from the 1998 wave of the German Socio-Economic Panel. The results are used to estimate equivalence scales and the cost of children. We find that the standard ordered probit model is rejected, while some semi-parametric specifications survive specification tests against nonparametric alternatives. The estimated equivalence scales, however, are often similar for the parametric and semi-parametric specifications.JEL Classification:
C14, C35, D12Correspondence to: Charles BellemareWe are grateful to an anonymous referee and to participants of a CeMMAP/ESG workshop at University College London and seminars at CentER (Tilburg University) and Humboldt University Berlin for useful comments. 相似文献
176.
Abstract. The present paper thoroughly explores second‐best efficient allocations in an insurance economy with adverse selection. We start with a natural extension of the classical model, assuming less than perfect risk perception. We characterize the constraints on efficient redistribution, and we summarize the incidence of incentives on the economy with the notions of weak and strong adverse selection. Finally, we show in what sense improving risk perception enhances welfare. 相似文献
177.
This article studies the dynamics of an overlapping generations model with capital, money and cash-in-advance constraints. The economy can exhibit two different regimes. In the first one, the cash-in-advance constraint is binding and money is a dominated asset. In the second one, the constraint is strictly satisfied and money has the same return as capital. When the second regime holds on a finite number of periods, we say that the economy experiences a temporary bubble. We prove that temporary bubbles can exist in an economy, which would experience under-accumulation without money. We also show that cyclical bubbles may occur. 相似文献
178.
We resolve collective irrationality in the stability set, a solution concept for voting games proposed by Rubinstein (J Econ
Theory 23:150–159, 1980) to resolve the well-known paradox of voting in the core. A lack of cooperation within winning coalitions
prevents their members from eliminating an alternative globally less preferred to another one when they observe the rational
behavior defining the stability set. Allowing for the possibility of accompanying a coalitional vote with a binding solidarity
agreement is a natural response to this cooperation failure. This leads to a new standard of behavior and a new solution concept
called stability set with binding solidarity agreement or S
c
-stability set. It is shown that the S
c
-stability set and a newly defined version of the Mas-Colell bargaining set for simple games are not comparable with respect
to set inclusion. The S
c
-stability set includes the core, is included in the stability set and contains only Pareto-optimal alternatives. When individual
preferences are complete linear orders, the S
c
-stability set is always non-empty.
相似文献
179.