The Impact of American Politics on Perceptions of Women's Golfing Abilities

We examine the relationship between political environments and perceptions of women's physical abilities. Using a sample of 496 golf courses located in the United States, we find a significant relationship between state political affiliations, ratings of senators and congressional representatives on a liberal to conservative continuum, and perceptions of gendered physical abilities. Institutional theory is presented as an explanation for the regional variation in perceptions of women's golfing abilities. Implications and results are discussed. Suggestions for further research are presented.     

OPTIMAL CONTROL OF EXTERNALITIES IN THE PRESENCE OF INCOME TAXATION*

A substantial literature examines how the Pigouvian directive that marginal taxes should equal marginal external harms needs to be modified in light of the preexisting distortion due to labor income taxation. Additional literature considers distributive concerns. It is demonstrated, however, that simple first‐best rules—unmodified for labor supply distortion or distribution—are correct in the model examined. Specifically, setting all commodity taxes equal to marginal harms (and subsidies equal to marginal benefits) can generate a Pareto improvement, as can a marginal reform toward the first‐best. Qualifications and explanations for differences from previous work are also presented.     

学术批判不同于道义谴责——评《在科学与艺术之间——质疑国际关系理论》

《在科学与艺术之间———质疑国际关系理论》一文虽然提出了一些具有一定学术价值的问题 ,对国际关系理论提出了一些具有一定原创性的批评 ,但文章违背了学术批判的基本原则 ,在逻辑推断和事实运用上也存在问题 ,从而直接削弱了文章的科学性和说服力 ,使批判失去了本应具有的推动学术进步的功能。     

The Invisible Multipliers of Joint-products

This paper proposes a hybrid input-output model to estimate the intermediate requirements embodied in the final disposal--such as reclamation and incineration - of non-marketable scraps and wastes from industries or households. The model is based on a mixed technology assumption in order to connect the monetary distribution of the ordinary goods and services with the physical distribution of the scraps and wastes as joint-products. Moreover, some demand-pulled invisible multipliers, in terms of the scraps and wastes, have been explored by performing a numerical simulation. From the invisible multipliers, we find the paradoxical phenomenon that the reduction in the amount of final disposal and the promotion of material recycling decreases the intermediate demand of the scraps and wastes for material recycling if there is a time-lag in the introduction of the appropriate recycling technology.     

Collective Acceptance, Social Institutions, and Social Reality

ABSTRACT . The paper presents an account of social institutions on the basis of collective acceptance. Basically, collective acceptance by some members of a group involves the members’ collectively coming to hold and holding a relevant social attitude (a “we‐attitude”), viz. either one in the intention family of concepts or one in the belief family. In standard cases the collective acceptance must be in the “we‐mode,” viz. performed as a group member, and involve that it be meant for the group. The participants must be collectively committed to what they have accepted. Social institutions are taken to be norm‐governed social practices introducing a new social and conceptual status on the practices or some elements involved in those practices. This requires that some of the involved norms be constitutive norms as opposed to merely “accidentally” regulating ones. A classification of social institutions is presented. The account is broader in scope than is Searle’s.     

职业经理人进入民营企业影响因素的实证研究

本文根据抽样调查 ,对经理人进入民营企业的影响因素进行了实证分析。研究结果表明 :( 1 )影响经理人进入民营企业最重要的因素依次为 :职业发展的机会与空间 ,工资福利水平 ,雇主对经理人的诚信 ,收入与晋升的公平性 ,企业的规模与形象。 ( 2 )民营企业在经理人职业发展空间这一最重要因素上的吸引力已经超过了国有和外资企业。这预示着民营企业的家族经营模式最终可能会被打破。只要相关的制度完善 ,中小企业对经理人仍然具有一定的吸引力。 ( 3 )与国有和外资企业相比 ,民营企业对经理人的综合吸引力仍然最低 ,但已经接近国有企业。 ( 4)上述最重要因素对民营企业综合吸引力改善的边际贡献的大小顺序为 :职业发展的机会与空间、收入与晋升的公平性、工资福利水平、企业的规模与形象、对经理人的诚信。 ( 5)与国有企业进行人才竞争时 ,民营企业应优先提高职业发展机会与空间、对经理人的诚信和工资福利水平 ;与外资企业竞争时 ,则应重点改善职业发展机会和空间、收入分配与职务晋升的公平性以及企业的规模与形象。     

东南亚敲起油荒警告

当原油价格在2006年年中时上涨到70美元俑时，东南亚国家政府不得不正视油荒的残酷事实；如果不能尽快找到替代石油的新能源，国民收入水平将不能维持目前水平。[第一段]     

香港投资者看好越南

哪里有利润，资本就会流向哪里。由于投资祖国大陆的生产成本以及税收的增加，越来越多的香港企业正将目光投向越南，寻找更好的投资机会。[第一段]     

2007年东盟国家经济预测

2007年东盟经济增长率将有可能逊于2006年。由于欧美地区经济增速预计放缓，东盟国家对这些地区的出口会因此下降。不过，中国和印度的经济增长及亚洲多个国家国内经济需求和基础设施发展等，将抵消欧美经济放缓对东盟经济所带来的部分；中击，东盟经济仍将保持持续增长。     

与时俱进 艰苦奋斗 实现学校(院)的可持续发展

2002年,中共上海市财贸党校、上海商业职业技术学院实现了超常规、跨越式的发展。2003年,该校(院)将继续以发展作为第一要务,大力推进学校(院)朝集约化内涵式方向发展;以创建示范性高职院校为目标,切实提高教学质量,努力形成高职特色;按照“以人为本”的原则,推进体制创新,积极稳妥地实施人事用工分配制度和教学管理体制改革,以改革促进发展,以改革加强和规范管理,将贯彻“十六大”精神落到实处。