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51.
Consumer willingness to pay for farm animal welfare: mobile abattoirs versus transportation to slaughter 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Carlsson Fredrik; Frykblom Peter; Lagerkvist Carl Johan 《European Review of Agricultural Economics》2007,34(3):321-344
Consumer preferences and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for certainnon-market food process attributes were investigated using achoice experiment. Swedish consumers were found to be willingto pay a price premium for the use of mobile abattoirs for cattlebut not for broilers. We used two different survey versions,with and without an opt-out alternative. There is no evidencethat omission of the opt-out alternative leads to biased choices.In addition, respondents who chose to opt-out were no differentfrom those making trade-offs between attributes. The inclusionof an opt-out alternative has no significant effect on the marginalWTP. Based on estimated distributions of WTP and available costestimates, the market share for mobile abattoirs is predicted.Here we do find differences between the two survey versions:the version with an opt-out alternative revealed greater unobservedheterogeneity. 相似文献
52.
Technology transfer in United States universities 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
This paper examines the role of offices of technology transfer (OTT) in 12 U.S. universities in 1998 in commercializing research
results in the form of patents, licenses, and start-ups of new companies. We study the organization and place of OTTs within
the university structure, the process of technology transfer, and the staffing and funding of the office. Data were collected
through a mail questionnaire followed up through telephone interviews. We also conducted a statistical analysis of data for
170 U.S. universities, hospitals, and research institutes for the period 1991–1996. Our findings suggest that technology transfer
from universities to the commercial sector needs to be understood in its broader context. The primary purpose of a technology
transfer program is for the university to assist its researchers in disseminating research results for the public good. Success
in this endeavor is only partially reflected in income generated for the university or the number of business start-ups. The
degree of success depends not only on the nature of the interface between the university and the business community but also
on the receptivity in the surrounding community as well as the culture, organization, and incentives within the universities
themselves. 相似文献
53.
Bo Carlsson 《International Journal of Industrial Organization》1997,15(6):775-799
This paper examines four Swedish case studies of technological systems from the perspective of path dependence: what are the similarities and differences in this regard between factory automation, electronics and computers, biotechnology, and powder technology? What are the distinctive features in each system which set it apart from similar systems elsewhere, and what role does path dependence play in explaining these features? The essential function of technological systems is to capture, diffuse, and magnify spillovers of technical and organizational knowledge: therefore, the nature of knowledge (i.e., the characteristics of knowledge and how it can be transmitted) in each system determines what types of spillovers are likely to occur, as well as the mechanisms through which they occur. Other important influences are the initial conditions and the institutions (including both organizations and rules of the game). 相似文献
54.
Preferences with and without prices - does the price attribute affect behavior in stated preference surveys? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fredrik Carlsson Peter Frykblom Carl Johan Lagerkvist 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2007,38(2):155-164
The experimental as well as the non-market valuation literature include several examples of how an introduced price can affect
behavior in otherwise not expected ways. It has become standard to include a price vector as an attribute in choice experiments,
something that enables us to estimate a marginal willingness to pay for other attributes. We test the impact on preferences
by an inclusion of a price in a choice experiment. Preferences are affected, as might be expected. However, also the relative
ranking of individual attributes is affected.
相似文献
55.
Fredrik Carlsson 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2000,15(3):243-256
In this paper, we address the issue of optimalenvironmental taxation under imperfect competition.The problem is analysed for three different types ofduopoly models, the Cournot open and closed loopmodels, and the Stackelberg model. We explicitlyanalyse the role of strategic behaviour. Each firm hasto make a choice of output level and of the level ofa strategic variable. The choice of this strategicvariable affects both marginal cost and emissions. Wecompare the properties of these three duopoly models,and derive and compare optimal environmental taxes. Weshow that whether the optimal tax is lower or higherthan marginal environmental costs depends on theinformation transmission and the effect of thestrategic variable on marginal costs. In addition, thedifferences in market shares, and the influence of thetax on the cost structure play important roles, indetermining optimal emission taxes. 相似文献
56.
Pontus Braunerhjelm Bo Carlsson Dilek Cetindamar Dan Johansson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(5):471-488
This paper examines the rapid growth of the polymer-based and biomedical clusters in Ohio and Sweden – two regions of similar
size and with similar traditions undergoing similar industrial restructuring.
Two issues are addressed: First, why has growth been so strong in these particular clusters, i.e., can we identify the sources
of the growth and dynamics in these sectors? Second, why do these two clusters differ in Ohio and Sweden in terms of size,
level and type of activity, number and composition of actors, size structure of firms and growth patterns over the last couple
of decades? In particular, what is the role of public policies as well as cultural, historical, and geographic factors?
Our main conclusions are (1) that there is strong path dependence in both clusters in both countries, and (2) that the key
to rapid development is a high absorptive capacity combined with rapid diffusion to new potential users. Our policy discussion
addresses these issues. 相似文献
57.
Conformity and the Demand for Environmental Goods 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Fredrik Carlsson Jorge H. García Åsa Löfgren 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2010,47(3):407-421
The existing literature on eco-labeling and green consumerism has been framed within a classical market context where price
and quality are the drivers of consumer choice. However, it seems possible that consumers are also concerned about the choices
made by other consumers. In fact, it is unclear that people’s consumption decisions are made independently of social context.
For instance, under the desire to conform to certain social norms—or in the presence of status concerns—some individuals may
be willing to pay a higher price premium for green products the more widespread green consumerism is in society. We test this
hypothesis using a choice experiment where the respondents were asked to choose among coffee products varying with respect
to their share of ecological beans, share of fair trade beans, and price. Three treatments were used, differing only in the
information given about the choices made by other consumers. We find different responses to the treatments across individuals
and we can only confirm our hypothesis of conformity for women, although men appear to have stronger preferences for ecological
coffee than women have. 相似文献
58.
59.
This article reviews the scientific contributions of the 2013 recipient of the Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research, Maryann Feldman, Heninger Distinguished Professor in the Department of Public Policy at the University of North Carolina. Maryann Feldman is well known for her contributions to the study of the geography of innovation. A central focus of her work is on the role of entrepreneurial activity in the formation of regional industry clusters. She has studied entrepreneurial events involving both individuals and teams and the role of knowledge spillovers and finance in geographical clustering. She has also addressed other important aspects of contemporary entrepreneurship research, such as how academic entrepreneurship is influenced by intellectual property rights and modes of finance and how high-technology entrepreneurship aligns with public policy and the geography of innovation. The most significant impact of Maryann Feldman’s scientific output lies in research on firm location, inter-firm knowledge spillovers, and clusters/regional development. Her research addresses macro aspects of industry evolution, micro-level aspects of firm strategy and organization, as well as meso-level aspects of institutions, infrastructures, and policy. The Global Award consists of 100,000 euro and a statuette by the internationally renowned Swedish sculptor Carl Milles. 相似文献
60.
Objective:To evaluate long-run cost-effectiveness in a Swedish setting for liraglutide compared with sulphonylureas (glimepiride) or sitagliptin, all as add-on to metformin for patients with type 2 diabetes insufficiently controlled with metformin in monotherapy.Methods:The IHE Cohort Model of Type 2 Diabetes was used to evaluate clinical and economic outcomes from a societal perspective. Model input data were obtained from two clinical trials, the Swedish National Diabetes Register and the literature. Cost data reflected year 2013 price level. The robustness of results was checked with one-way-sensitivity analysis and probability sensitivity analysis.Results:The cost per QALY gained for liraglutide (1.2?mg) compared to SU (glimepiride 4?mg), both as add-on to metformin, ranged from SEK 226,000 to SEK 255,000 in analyzed patient cohorts. The cost per QALY for liraglutide (1.2?mg) vs sitagliptin (100?mg) as second-line treatment was lower, ranging from SEK 149,000 to SEK 161,000. Costs of preventive treatment were driving costs, but there was also a cost offset from reduced costs of complications of ~20%. Notable cost differences were found for nephropathy, stroke, and heart failure. The predicted life expectancy with liraglutide increased the cost of net consumption for liraglutide.Limitations:The analysis was an ex-ante analysis using model input data from clinical trials which may not reflect effectiveness in real-world clinical practice in broader patient populations. This limitation was explored in the sensitivity analysis. The lack of specific data on loss of production due to diabetes complications implied that these costs may be under-estimated.Conclusions:Treatment strategies with liraglutide 1.2?mg improved the expected quality-of-life and increased costs when compared to SU and to sitagliptin for second-line add-on treatments. The cost per QALY for liraglutide was in the range considered medium by Swedish authorities. 相似文献