Elementary multivariate rearrangements and stochastic dominance on a Fréchet class

A Fréchet class collects all multivariate joint distribution functions that have the same marginals. Members of a Fréchet class only differ with respect to the interdependence between their marginals. In this paper, I study orders of interdependence on a Fréchet class using two multivariate generalizations of the bivariate rearrangement proposed by Epstein and Tanny (1980) [4] and Tchen (1980) [16]. I show how these multivariate rearrangements are underlying multivariate first order stochastic dominance in terms of the joint distribution function and the survival function. A combination of both rearrangements is shown to be equivalent to the concordance order proposed by Joe (1990) [9].     

Consumer preference among fluid milks: low‐fat vs. high‐fat milk consumption in the United States

The present study uses data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals 1994–1996, 1998 in order to analyse milk consumption by type, specifically high‐fat milk vs. low‐fat milk. Whereas trend analysis displays an overall increase in low‐fat milk consumption over the last few decades in the United States, a number of individuals still consume high‐fat milk varieties, and overall dietary intakes have yet to achieve recommended levels. In light of recent research regarding fat intakes, it is important to understand what factors might cause consumers to purchase high‐fat options given the number of low‐fat options available in the market. Through the use of Logistic regression, key socio‐economic and demographic variables are analysed in order to determine their impacts on the probability of consuming low‐fat milk vs. high‐fat milk. The results indicate that a number of factors do influence probability of low‐fat milk consumption as compared with high‐fat milk consumption. Most notably, probability of low‐fat milk consumption appears to be positively related to age, education level, and income level. African Americans and other minorities had a lower probability of consuming low‐fat milk when compared with White people in the sample population. Also, those respondents designated as low income or living in the South were less likely to consume low‐fat milk.     

Export Activity,Firm Size and Wage Structure: Evidence from Taiwanese Manufacturing Firms*

This study adopts a semiparametric smooth coefficient model to evaluate the export–wage premiums, firm size–wage premiums, and the wage gap between skilled and unskilled labor. Particular focus is placed upon widespread evidence indicating that pay levels in ‘large’ and ‘export‐oriented’ firms are higher than in their ‘small’ and ‘domestic‐oriented’ counterparts. Applying the firm‐level data for Taiwanese manufacturing firms, we find a positive export–wage premium for skilled workers and a negative export–wage premium for unskilled workers. The hypothesis of a constant export premium across firm size is rejected. While most of the export–wage premiums for skilled labor can be attributed to the small and medium firms, the large exporting firms have a significant adverse effect on wages for unskilled labor. Moreover, our results suggest that the firm size–wage premiums for skilled workers are larger than those for unskilled workers. The wage gap between the two skill groups is also sensitive to size categories.     

Are Public and Private Social Expenditures Complementary?

Most analyses of social protection are focussed on public arrangements. However, social effort is not restricted to the public domain; all kinds of private arrangements can be substitutes to public programs. OECD data indicate that accounting for private social benefits has an equalising effect on levels of social effort across a number of countries. This suggests complementarity between public and private social expenditures. But their distributional effects differ. Using cross-country data, we find a negative relationship between net public social expenditures and income inequality, but a positive relationship between net private social expenditures and income inequality. We conclude that changes in the public/private mix in the provision of social protection may affect the redistributive impact of the welfare state.Part of Leiden Social Security Incidence Project. Revised version of a paper presented at the 57th International Atlantic Economic Conference, Lisbon, Portugal (March 10–14, 2004), and at the 60th Congress of the International Institute of Public Finance, Milan, Italy (August 23–26, 2004). The usual disclaimer applies.     

The Challenge of Electronic Markets for International Business Theory

We examine the extent to which the eclectic paradigm of international production, and its composite theories, can help explain the coming E-commerce revolution. Our findings are that the basic tenets of the paradigm appear to hold well, but the operational application of several of the constituent parts and the context in which they are being considered, need to be redefined in the light of some of the unique characteristics of Internet transport.     

Two Views of Efficiency in Indian Agriculture

The frontier profit functions and the optimum demand for hired labor are estimated separately for small and large farms to test the hypothesis of differential efficiency attributable to size and technology. The optimum demand for hired labor is compared against actual demand to measure efficiency in labor utilization, estimated for individual farms, under both certainty and uncertainty cases. The empirical results are based on 1969–70 farm-level data from Punjab and Haryana States in India. Small farm group is less efficient than large farms in achieving the frontier (maximal) profit. Under the profit maximizing behavior with certainty in production, both small and large farms acquired less than optimal amount of hired labor, but small farms acquired much less than large farms. Uncertainty in production, prices, and risk aversion on the part of farmers seems to discourage the demand for hired labor on the basis of estimates using the “safety-first” risk model. Small farms appeared to experience a higher degree of uncertainty measured by comparative variability in production. Even after adjustment for greater uncertainty and risk aversion, small farms remained less efficient in demand for labor, treating other inputs as fixed. Les fonctions frontaliéres de profit et la demande optimale pour la main-d'oeuvre ensasée sont estimées séparément pour des petites et grandes exploitations agricoles pour vérifier l'hypothése d'efficacité différentielle attribuable é l'importance de l'exploitation et à la technologie. La demande optimale pour la main-d'oeuvre engagée est com-parée contre la demande actuelle pour mesurer l'efficacité dans l'utilisation de la main-d'oeuvre. Cette demande est estimee pour des exploitations agricoles individuelles, dans les deux cas de certitude et d'incertitude. Les résultats empiriques sont basés sur les données au niveau d'exploitation agricole pendant les années 1969 è 1970 des Etats Punjab et Haryana de l'lnde. Un petit groupe d'exploitations agricolesest moins efficace que des grandes exploitations agricoles pour réaliser un profit (maximal) frontalier. Sous les manieres qui portent au profit maximum avec certitude de production, les petites et grandes exploitations agricoles toutes les deux obtiennent un montant d'engagés moins que optimal, mais les petites exploitations agricoles en obtiennent beaucoup moins que les grandes exploitations agricoles. L'incertitude de production, de prix, et l'aversion de risque de la part des fermiers semblent décourager la demande pour la main-d'oeuvre engagée en se ba-sant sur les évaluations qui viennent du modéle de risque “securité d'a-bord.” Les petites exploitations agricoles semblent expérimenter un plus haut degré d'incertitude mesurépar la variabilite comparativé de production. Même après l'ajustage pour une plus grande incertitude et l'aversion de risque, les petites exploitations agricoles demeurent moins efficaces pour la demande de main-d'oeuvre, traitant les autres entries comme fixes.     

Collateral,relationship lending and family firms

Prior research suggested that relationship lending could play a role in solving asymmetric information problems between borrower and lender. Other studies suggest a relationship between family ownership and the shareholder–bondholder agency conflict. The present paper investigates the impact of relationship characteristics, family ownership and their interaction effects upon the use of collateral in SME lending. We examine the determinants of collateral as well as the determinants of the choice between business and personal collateral using decision tree analysis. The results reveal that relationship characteristics have a significant influence, but not always in the direction as expected. Moreover, they do not seem to be the primary determinants in our classification models. The most important determinants in both classification models seem to be the loan amount, total assets and the family versus non-family firm distinction. In addition, we differentiate between line-of-credit and non-line-of-credit loans and find significant differences between these decision trees.