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61.
The objective of this paper is to present environmental policy as a simple game in two stages within a principal-agent framework. At the outset the authority adopts a transfer payment rule. Then the firms react by carrying out abatement activities, based on their chosen levels of emission and output. Next the authority measures the emissions (and residual profit of the industry) and revises the level of its instrument. Then the game starts again. Our purpose is to narrow the scope of ad hoc incentive schemes by characterizing families of optimal linear schemes.We thank two anonymous referees for their valuable suggestions. We have also benefited from comments from I.-M. Andréasson, J. B. Opschoor, H. Verbruggen and the other members of the Task Force II: Environmental Policy instruments of the European Science Foundation Programme: Environment, Science and Society. Wang acknowledges support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). 相似文献
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The Catching-up of Japanese with German Industries: Production Organization, Infrastructure, and R&D
This paper presents an empirical productivity comparison between Japan and Germany, focusing on organization, R&D and infrastructure. Time-series datasets from the auto vehicle and electronic engineering industries are used to demonstrate the reversal in productivity advantage from Germany to Japan at around 1980. It is argued that Japanese productivity gains arose from a better infrastructure and from cost-reducing innovations such as lean production methods. An econometric model determines the causes for the observed differences in the quantities of inputs used. It shows that frequent external procurement in Japanese manufacturing has shifted the factor inputs from labor and capital to materials, a result in line with the philosophy of lean production. 相似文献
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We use survey data from a sample of 4000 adult financial consumers in Zimbabwe to analyse the determinants of financial literacy and its effect on individual's savings decisions. Results show that women have lower financial literacy than men. Furthermore, individuals' residing in rural areas exhibit lower financial literacy compared with urban financial consumers. Financial literacy and financial services interventions targeting women and rural individuals should be strengthened. Econometric results show that financial literacy positively influences savings behaviour for both rural and urban individuals. Furthermore, financial literacy positively influences informal and formal savings. Policy interventions that foster financial literacy are needed to improve individuals saving behaviours. 相似文献
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We assess the profitability of momentum strategies using a stochasticdiscount factor approach. In unconditional tests, approximatelyhalf of the strategies' profitability is explained. In conditionaltests we see a further slight decline in profits. We argue thatthe risk of these strategies should be increasing in the marketrisk premium. Empirically, while their risk measures estimatedrelative to the stochastic discount factor behave as predicted,market betas do not; thus capital asset pricing model (CAPM)-likebenchmarks may lead to incorrect inferences. Given that ournonparametric risk adjustment explains roughly half of momentumstrategy profits, we cannot rule out the possibility of residualmispricing. 相似文献
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Campbell, Hilscher, and Szilagyi (2008) show that firms with a high probability of default have abnormally low average future returns. We show that firms with a high potential for default (death) also tend to have a relatively high probability of extremely large (jackpot) payoffs. Consistent with an investor preference for skewed, lottery-like payoffs, stocks with high predicted probabilities for jackpot returns earn abnormally low average returns. Stocks with high death or jackpot probabilities have relatively low institutional ownership and the jackpot effect we find is much stronger in stocks with high limits to arbitrage. 相似文献
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Conrad S. Ciccotello 《实用企业财务杂志》2014,26(4):8-21
By some measures, the U.S. public corporation appears to be in the midst of a significant decline, as Michael Jensen predicted 25 years ago in a Harvard Business Review article called “The Eclipse of the Public Corporation.” Based on an analysis of ten industries during the 48‐year period from 1966 through the end of 2013, the author reports a 60% drop in the number of publicly traded U.S. companies, as measured from each of the industry peaks to the end of 2013. Mergers and acquisitions, together with the private‐equity transactions hailed by Jensen in his 1989 HBR article, have contributed significantly to this reduction in numbers. But so has the remarkable growth of “uncorporate” (or pass‐through) structures such as Master Limited Partnerships (MLPs) and Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), both of which address governance as well as tax problems faced by public C‐corporations. But along with this drop in numbers, the author's analysis of the performance of U.S. public companies—as measured both by operating returns on equity and Tobin's Q ratios—also shows a growing separation of the “best” from the “rest” over time. Intense global product market competition, the growing benefits (and urgency) of achieving efficient scope and scale, high U.S. corporate income tax rates, and a vigorous market for corporate control are all significantly “thinning the herd” of public corporations. The “winners” have been emerging as larger, more efficient, and more influential enterprises than ever before, as the rise of massive U.S. multinationals (and, in countries outside the U.S., state‐owned enterprises) over the past two decades has increasingly blurred the line between private business and government. Viewed in this light, the overall trends, both in the U.S. and abroad, suggest an evolution rather than an eclipse of the public corporation. Such trends also suggest that over the next 25 years, the success of the public corporation will increasingly depend on issues such as its ability to resolve conflicts between controlling shareholders (including sovereign governments) and minority shareholders, regulatory (in particular, antitrust) policy, and the role (and investment horizons) of activist shareholders. 相似文献