关于开展国内商业信用保险的思考

国内商业信用保险在社会信用体系、国内贸易拓展市场、银行企业的风险管理、中小企业融资等多方面都有着自己独特的功能。目前国内商业信用保险在我国尚未得到充分发展,究其原因是由经济社会环境、供给、需求等方面因素造成。通过加强制度创新,产品和业务创新,可以有效地促进我国国内商业信用保险发展。     

我国生产性服务业与制造业互动需求结构及发展态势

本研究采用投入产出法与比较分析方法,对典型国家(或地区)的生产性服务业与制造业的互动需求结构进行分析。研究发现,经济发展水平、服务业发展水平、生产性服务业性质、制造业性质四方面是影响生产性服务业与制造业需求结构的重要因素。本文从四要素发展特点总结了生产性服务业与制造业需求的国际发展态势,即随着经济发展水平与服务业发展水平的提高,生产性服务业由对制造业需求显著转为对自身需求显著,而生产性服务业内部由以非知识密集型服务业为主导逐步转向以知识密集型服务业为主导。结合我国现状,本文最后提出了推动我国两类产业互动发展的若干政策建议。     

西安会展业发展战略及推进市场化进程研究

会展业不仅是为举办城市带来巨大经济效益的＂面包＂,而且是加强城市与外界商贸文化交流的＂窗口＂。立足于西安的城市特点,深刻分析了影响西安会展业态势的五大因素,针对存在的问题：管理方式与形势不适应;会展主体培育不充分;从业人员数量、素质亟待提高;软硬件设施不齐全;会展业系统程度较低,提出又好又快发展西安会展业、推进市场化进程的创新途径。     

Economic burden of hospital malnutrition and the cost–benefit of supplemental parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients in Latin America

Abstract

Aim: Disease-related malnutrition (DRM) is a prevalent condition that significantly increases the risk of adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients, particularly those with critical illness. Limited data is available on the economic burden of DRM and the cost–benefit of nutrition therapy in high-risk populations in Latin America. The aims of the present study were to estimate the economic burden of DRM and evaluate the cost–benefit of supplemental parenteral nutrition (SPN) in critically ill patients who fail to receive adequate nutrient intake from enteral nutrition (EN) in Latin America.

Methods: Country-specific cost and prevalence data from eight Latin American countries and clinical data from studies evaluating outcomes in patients with DRM were used to estimate the costs associated with DRM in public hospitals. A deterministic decision model based on clinical outcomes from a randomized controlled study and country-specific cost data were developed to examine the cost–benefit of administering SPN to critically ill adults who fail to reach ≥60% of the calculated energy target with EN.

Results: The estimated annual economic burden of DRM in public hospitals in Latin America is $10.19 billion (range, $8.44 billion–$11.72 billion). Critically ill patients account for a disproportionate share of the costs, with a 6.5-fold higher average cost per patient compared with those in the ward ($5488.35 vs. $839.76). Model-derived estimates for clinical outcomes and resource utilization showed that administration of SPN to critically ill patients who fail to receive the targeted energy delivery with EN would result in an annual cost reduction of $10.2 million compared with continued administration of EN alone.

Limitations: The cost calculation was limited to the average daily cost of stay and antibiotic use. The costs associated with other common complications of DRM, such as prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation or more frequent readmission, are unknown.

Conclusions: DRM imposes a substantial economic burden on Latin American countries, with critically ill patients accounting for a disproportionate share of costs. Cost–benefit analysis suggests that both improved clinical outcomes and significant cost savings can be achieved through the adoption of SPN as a therapeutic strategy in critically ill patients who fail to receive adequate nutrient intake from EN.     

关中城市群核心外围城市联系的空间分析--以西安、渭南为例

借助多源大数据研究核心与外围地区的集聚与扩散机制,识别核心区域范围,探讨外围地区与核心城市之间的联系特征和网络结构。研究结论包括:(1)西安核心城市呈现扩散背景下的集聚主导模式;(2)外围地区不同层级中心节点发育,局部网络化形态显现;(3)通勤是区域联系的主要方式,并与消费出行特征存在明显差异。与以引力模型为基础的计算方法相比,大数据更加直观、更加精确地展示出城市空间流的特征,解释了核心城市向外辐射的不同方式。分析结果与模型计算结果存在一定差异,经过比对分析,认为模型对全域人口规模、主导产业结构等因素考虑不足。建议规划有序引导核心区域功能向外围扩散,加强节点承接能力建设,促进城市群网络发育。     

“特权”超权力的本质及其宪政制约——基于发票税控功能制度性失控的思考

发票税控功能的制度性失控一方面是纳税主体的制度设计导致的,另一方面是行政性收费权对现有税制安排瓦解导致的。在我国,始终存在着受到宪法规则制约的征税权与不受宪法规则制约的收费权的博弈。收费权作为一种"超权力"特权,不断消解着现有税制的优化安排,现实中表现为:一方面是对中小微企业的结构性减税的制度优化,另一方面却是地方政府大量新设收费项目。特权是权力主体自我设定的,遵循的是自我利益规则,作为一种不受制约的超权力,没有合宪性,因而必须纳入宪政制约的轨道。     

虚拟水及其在缓解区域水资源短缺中的应用研究

虚拟水是指生产商品和服务所需要的水资源数量。虚拟水战略是指贫水国家或地区通过贸易的方式从富水国家或地区购买水密集型农产品(粮食)来获得本地区水和粮食的安全。本文在综述前人对虚拟水研究的基础上,计算了2002年甘肃省及不同地区主要农产品虚拟水含量,并对甘肃省加强虚拟水贸易的战略进行了探讨。     

城市品牌开发研究

城市品牌是城市最宝贵、最有价值的财富。通过对城市品牌形成力的分析和对城市品牌属性矩阵的研究．针对不同属性的城市类别提出了相应的品牌开发策略,指导城市进行品牌定位和信息传播,进而影响公众的城市行为。     

弱连接在促进隐藏隐性知识转移中的作用

基于隐性和显性、共享和隐藏两个维度对知识进行分类，探讨了隐藏隐性知识转移的特点、过程和影响因素。引入社会网络领域的强连接和弱连接概念以促进知识的转移效果，分析了弱连接在知识转移过程中的重要作用，并对有利于知识管理的组织设计问题提出了一些建议。     

Methods for Environmental and Economic Accounting for the Exploitation of Wild Fish Stocks and their Applications to the Case of Icelandic Fisheries

The paper discusses methods for estimating the value of commercially exploited fish stocks and the cost of exploiting them. Methods which are recommended in the System of National Accounting (SNA) satellite system and the System for Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA) and relevant for this task are discussed. The paper questions the relevance of some of these methods. It argues for the integration of economic accounting for wild fish stocks with estimation of efficient management of them. Using biological and economic data makes it possible to produce consistent estimates of the value of fish stocks and the cost of exploiting them. These estimates are useful for national accounting and for guiding management of fisheries. This method allows estimation of the cost of inefficiency of fisheries management besides estimation of the cost of depletion. The different methods are illustrated using data on commercial fisheries in Iceland and the fish stocks that they exploit. It is shown that even if all methods are based on market valuation and use only objective data they lead to very different outcomes.