Determinants and economic consequences of cash flow restatements

The FASB, PCAOB, SEC, and AICPA have all acknowledged that the accounting field needs to revisit the statement of cash flows (SCF). While the overall number of restatements has held steady over the past five years, the percentage of cash flow restatements (CFRs) has risen from 8.7% of all restatements in 2009 to 20.2% of all restatements in 2014. We examine the determinants of CFRs, investors’ differential beliefs about CFRs, and the information content of CFRs by focusing on abnormal trading volume and price reactions to CFRs. We then examine whether the guidance the SEC/AICPA published in early 2006 changed the information content of CFRs. Finally, since the proper classification within the SCF is a current regulatory issue, we examine whether classification shifting within the SCFs impacts the market. The market finds CFRs to be informative with some investor disagreement as shown by higher abnormal trading volume. We also find an incremental volume reaction to changes in operating cash flows after the SEC allowance period. While the market responds negatively to CFRs, we find that the market does not differentiate between whether classification shifting occurs or does not occur with the CFR. This study has implications for policymakers, auditors, and investors since it is one of the first to examine the capital market consequences of CFRs.     

Uniqueness of Arrow-Debreu and Arrow-Radner equilibrium when utilities are additively separable

This survey paper has three purposes: We first present in finite dimension, different approaches to the problem of uniqueness of Arrow-Debreu equilibrium when agents have additively separable utilities. We then study how, in the specific framework of a two period contingent good economy the results obtained generalize to infinite dimension. We consider economies where agents' consumption space is and agents' utilities are additively separable. Lastly, we show that in some restricted settings, some results may be used to prove uniqueness of Arrow-Radner equilibria when there are incomplete financial markets.     

DO TAX CUTS ENCOURAGE RENT SEEKING BY TOP CORPORATE EXECUTIVES? THEORY AND EVIDENCE

This paper explores the role of tax policy in shaping incentives for executive effort (labor supply) and rent seeking within the firm. We develop a theoretical model that distinguishes between effort and rent‐seeking responses to income taxes, and provides a framework to estimate a lower bound for the rent‐seeking response. Using executive compensation and governance data, we find that rent seeking represents an important component of the response to changes in tax rates, especially among executives in firms with the worst corporate governance. (JEL D31, G30, H21)     

The impact of knowledge spillovers and innovation on firm-performance: findings from the Balkans countries

This paper investigates factors affecting firm performance. Using data from Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Surveys (BEEPS 2013–2014), findings indicate that the following have a positive effect on firm performance: (i) innovative activities; (ii) knowledge spillovers; (iii) foreign ownership; and (iv) the proportion of skilled workers in the workforce. The paper therefore argues that innovation activities are endogenously related to firm performance, and that the performance of firms is influenced by knowledge spillovers and innovation activities, among other firm characteristics. The paper contributes to the literature by identifying spillovers and innovation activities as causal variables of firm performance—a novel approach to investigating knowledge spillovers and innovation activities.     

HRM and IR in multinational corporations in Denmark: uneasy bedfellows?

As multinational corporations operate in multiple countries, headquarters must take into account differences in local settings when seeking the means to coordinate and control subsidiaries. The local system of industrial relations sets the framework for what kind of human resource management a multinational corporation can implement. Yet another question is whether the still stronger multinationals can change the existing systems of industrial relations, directly or indirectly.

The paper analyzes four Danish enterprises over a 10-year period. This longitudinal study shows that none of the multinationals directly try to interfere in local industrial relations. However, by exercising their management prerogative in a way that differs from the Northern European tradition of industrial relations, they do influence the cooperation between employers and employees. In particular, the results show, that a shift from a stakeholder to a shareholder management style and an increased degree of HQ control have an effect on the whole cooperative atmosphere in each of the companies. In the long run, they may affect the collective bargaining system as such.     

Development Assistance and Exports: The Case of the United States

The relationship of development assistance and exports has been a controversial subject in recent years. U.S. public organizations feel that development assistance, particularly for research, while intended primarily and immediately to encourage economic development in low-income nations, will also help increase the effective demand for agricultural exports. Some commodity-oriented U.S. farm groups, on the other hand, see assistance primarily in terms of leading to increased competition for exports of their product. They would have the U.S.A. provide less international support for agricultural development and they have had some influence. While there has been considerable debate on the subject, this has not yet resulted in the development of an enlightened national policy. The paper attempts to sort out the facts and perceptions that have led to this situation and to provide some policy suggestions. Two important needs are for: (a) greater public understanding, and (b) strengthened domestic research and improved linkages between domestic and international research activities. Paradoxically, the latter point tends to be overlooked by some of the farm groups but is essential if the U.S. is to remain competitive in what is likely to become a more open international market in the future.     

倾销与比较优势

简单贸易模型的一个重要假设是市场完全竞争，并且贸易是源于比较优势。然而，现实中很少存在完全竞争的市场，不完全竞争市场使传统的贸易模型呈现出有趣的结果。这引起关注的一方面是不完全竞争企业在不同市场上给出不同的价格，即通常所说的“价格歧视”。在国际贸易中，最基本的价格歧视方式是“倾销”，即对于同一商品，出口商在国际市场上价格低于国内市场上的价格。如果国内企业是完全竞争的，并且在国内市场上以边际成本价格卖出，倾销就是指在国外市场上已低于边际成本价格出售。在多数的贸易模型中，商品按进口品和出口品分组，货币被认为是交换的中性媒介。对基于比较优势进行贸易的倾销的指控，主要是由于运用了与贸易不联系的汇率。我们认为，根据汇率来衡量基于比较优势的贸易获利在逻辑上是错误的，因为这种衡量往往导致明显的倾销，如果汇率市场是均衡的话。恰当的衡量方法是以贸易为基础的影子汇率。进一步来说，贸易障碍使得外汇交换和贸易不完全替代，使得汇率按接受到的价格相互高估。我们认为，只有在出口与基于比较优势的利润最大化不一致时，才能说明是倾销。     

Accounting for Risk and Stability in Technology Adoption

The reasons for sluggish adoption of long‐run agricultural systems are not well understood. Researchers have identified risk and uneven cash flows as two likely culprits, yet the literature has done little to investigate their impacts simultaneously. We explore the unique influence of risk, risk preference, stability, and stability preferences on the adoption of long‐run investments. We developed risk‐stability‐segregated expected utility (RSSEU) to disentangle risk from stability and then compute the impacts of risk, stability, and preferences over a range of values found in previous studies. Results clearly demonstrate that adoption decisions are influenced differentially by risk and stability. An unstable income can overwhelm the risk effect or visa versa, depending on a person's preferences for risk and stability. Disentangling risk and stability could be very important if economists are to understand how decisions are made. For example, we found that the impact of risk on individual behavior is very low when the expected income flow is unstable. In this case, policies that smooth expected income over time will be more effective than ones that reduce risk. In contrast, risky technologies with a stable income path are more appropriately addressed with instruments like insurance or facilitating futures markets. Les raisons de la lente adoption des systèmes agricoles à long terme ne sont pas bien comprises. Selon certains chercheurs, le risque et les flux de trésorerie irréguliers sont deux facteurs probables; toutefois peu de travaux se sont penchés sur leur impact simultané. Nous avons exploré l'influence du risque, des préférences pour le risque, de la stabilité et des préférences pour la stabilité sur l'adoption d'investissements à long terme. Nous avons élaboré une espérance d'utilité distincte risque‐stabilité(risk‐stability‐segregated expected utility) pour dégager le risque de la stabilité et pour calculer l'impact du risque, de la stabilité et des préférences à partir d'une série de valeurs tirées d’études antérieures. Les résultats ont clairement montré que les décisions d'adoption sont influencées différemment par le risque et la stabilité. Un revenu instable peut accabler l'effet du risque ou vice versa, selon les préférences d'une personne pour le risque et pour la stabilité. Si les économistes veulent comprendre de quelles façons les décisions sont prises, il serait important de dégager le risque de la stabilité. Par exemple, nous avons observé que l'impact du risque sur le comportement individuel est très faible lorsque les flux de revenus sont instables. Dans ce cas, les politiques qui adoucissent les revenus prévus au fil du temps seront plus efficaces que celles qui diminuent le risque. En revanche, des instruments tels que les assurances et les marchés à termes sont des moyens plus efficaces lorsque les technologies comportent des risques et que les revenus sont stables.