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61.
The empirical validity of two propositions regarding FHA unsubsidized single-family activity are explored at the neighborhood level in this paper. The propositions are first that FHA serves moderate-to-middle-income families, not low-income families who live in the inner city nor high-income families who live in the outer suburbs; and second that all other things being equal, black owner-occupants are more likely to have an FHA-insured mortgage than are whites
Two methods of analysis are performed: mapping and regression. First, 1974 FHA activity in the Philadelphia metropolitan area is mapped by race—black and white—and program—203(b), 221(d)(2), and 223(e)—at the census tract level. Then, the FHA activity by race and by program is regressed on 1970 neighborhood housing and population characteristics, again, using the census tract as the unit of observation. The results of the analysis provide support for both propositions. In Philadelphia in 1974, FHA is to a degree a border program differentially serving blacks. 相似文献
Two methods of analysis are performed: mapping and regression. First, 1974 FHA activity in the Philadelphia metropolitan area is mapped by race—black and white—and program—203(b), 221(d)(2), and 223(e)—at the census tract level. Then, the FHA activity by race and by program is regressed on 1970 neighborhood housing and population characteristics, again, using the census tract as the unit of observation. The results of the analysis provide support for both propositions. In Philadelphia in 1974, FHA is to a degree a border program differentially serving blacks. 相似文献
62.
Duncan Rutter 《Tourism Management》1991,12(4)
As the recruitment and retention of trained staff assumes increasing priority in an expanding British tourism and leisure industry, and as labour costs attract increasing attention in periods of recession, the hotel and catering industry is looking more searchingly at its levels of productivity. This report compares vocational education and training practice in France, where all the evidence suggests that hotel and catering production is higher than in Britain, and compares it with the British system. It suggests that the French, by retaining intact the relative importance of craft education and training and the proportion of total financial and other resources they allocate to it, have identified the key factor in effective manpower deployment. 相似文献
63.
64.
This paper extends the standard, urban, residential land-use model to analyze the effects of Federal Housing Administration (FHA) mortgage insurance. On the demand side, households are differentiated by income and tenure; on the supply side, the cost of housing is related to the asset prices of land and structure and the cost of capital. Hypothesizing that capital cost is a function of household tenure and income, tenure is chosen to minimize this cost. The effect of FHA, then, is to expand the housing consumption of moderate-middle income households, by reducing their capital cost, while displacing those whose cost is not reduced. 相似文献
65.
The results described challenge the generally accepted interpretation of the factors underlying the changes in sheep numbers in the arid zone of New South Wales. The extent to which long-run changes in rainfall have been ignored is highlighted. Estimates of output per man are derived, using the C.E.S. production function, which show that there has been a small positive rate of technological change. Three-quarters of such technological advance has been due to factors which affect numbers of sheep carried, the remainder due to factors affecting wool production per sheep. 相似文献
66.
67.
Duncan Hodge 《The South African journal of economics. Suid-afrikaanse tydskrif vir ekonomie》2009,77(4):488-504
The high rate of unemployment in South Africa stands out in an otherwise vastly improved set of macroeconomic fundamentals compared with the situation in the early 1990s. One might be tempted to argue that by this single indicator alone, the government's macroeconomic policies have been a failure. This paper explains why jumping to such a conclusion would be a mistake. Annual time series data on total formal sector employment is constructed dating back to 1946. The relationship between economic growth and formal sector employment is then measured and changes in the employment coefficient over time are described. The employment coefficient was found to be relatively stable, with a long‐term average value of 0.5. It returned to this value after a short‐lived collapse in the mid‐1990s. It is concluded that the main reason for the persistently high and rising rates of unemployment in South Africa since the mid 1990s was the very large increase in the labour force and not a historically deficient growth or employment performance of the economy. 相似文献
68.
69.
Tournament compensation of asset traders has been shown to promote deconvergence from intrinsic value pricing in an experimental asset market where all traders are so compensated (James and Isaac 2000). This paper explores the extent of this effect as experimental design parameters—proportion of traders facing tournament compensation, details of the tournament contract, and time horizon of the asset being traded—are varied. We find that the original results are replicated using the original parameters, that a tournament contract modified to provide a penalty for underperformance does not necessarily eliminate the effect, and that reducing the proportion of traders facing tournament compensation to half the market largely eliminates the effect. 相似文献
70.
César?Calderón Roberto?Duncan Klaus?Schmidt-HebbelEmail author 《Review of World Economics》2004,140(4):613-633
Optimal stabilization policy is countercyclical, aiming at keeping output close to its potential. However it has been traditionally
argued that emerging countries are unable to adopt countercyclical monetary and fiscal policies. Here we argue that the cyclical
properties of macroeconomic policies depend critically on policy credibility. We test this proposition by making use of recent
panel data for eleven emerging market economies and time series data for Chile. The evidence supports that countries with
higher credibility, as reflected by lower country risk levels, are able to conduct countercyclical fiscal and monetary policies.
Conversely, countries with less credible policies (and, therefore, with higher country risk spreads) contribute to larger
cyclical fluctuations by applying procyclical policies. For Chile we find that both monetary and fiscal policies have been
largely countercyclical after 1993. JEL no. E43, E52, E62 相似文献