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141.
Does bank capital affect lending behavior? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This paper investigates the existence of cross-sectional differences in the response of lending to monetary policy and GDP shocks owing to differences in bank capitalization. It adds to the literature by using the excess capital-to-asset ratio, which can better control the riskiness of banks' portfolios, and by disentangling the effects of the “bank lending channel” from those of the “bank capital channel.” The results, based on a sample of Italian banks, indicate that bank capital matters in the propagation of different types of shocks to lending, owing to the existence of regulatory capital constraints and imperfections in the market for bank fund-raising. 相似文献
142.
Pablo Emilio Escamilla García María Elena Tavera Cortés Raúl Junior Sandoval Gómez Edmar Salinas Callejas Horacio Eliseo Alvarado Raya 《Applied economics》2016,48(59):5761-5771
This article highlights the main aspects related to energy generation from biogas in a controlled landfill of Mexico City in order to determine profits and environmental benefits. The designed structures and public policies to provide waste management services in Mexico City have been exceeded. A significant increase in demand has led the government of Mexico City to base public services on rudimentary techniques using obsolete equipment. The modernization of waste disposal facilities and the diversification of services linked to waste treatment can offer several business opportunities to optimize energy generation from solid wastes. The use of landfills to dispose large amounts of waste enables the energy generation from biogas. The energy generated can diversify the electricity market and provide economic benefits to landfills managers to cover operational costs. 相似文献
143.
This paper analyzes the advantages andimplications of the implementation of aEuropean tax on carbon dioxide emissions as anown resource of the EU and it focuses on itseffects on intercountry distribution. Incontrast to a harmonized tax, which would onlyhave distributive effects within each memberstate, a tax collected at European scale wouldalso have important distributive effects amongdifferent countries. These effects would alsodepend on the use of tax revenues. The paperinvestigates through a simple empiricalanalysis the distributive effects among themember states of three tax models: a pureCO2 model; a 50%/50% energy-CO2model and a CO2 model with a burden onnuclear power. 相似文献
144.
This paper provides empirical evidence of the relationship between agglomeration and vertical integration decisions. It contributes
to the existing literature by first developing a conceptual framework that focuses on both opportunism risk and communication
problems to explain how physical proximity among firms can be an alternative to internal organization. Second, this study
tests this relationship through the use of firm-level data from 10,955 establishments in the Spanish meat industry. Results
confirm that establishments located in agglomerated areas internally undertake fewer stages of the value chain. We also find
that this relationship is weaker than expected and fades at distances greater than 2.5 km, which may be explained by the particular
characteristics of this industry. 相似文献
145.
This paper investigates the determinants of self-employment survival in Europe in two stages. The first one focuses on the
effect of variables at the individual level, while the second raises questions regarding specific regional factors through
the introduction of macro variables. In conducting this analysis, discrete choice models, including both single and competing
risks frameworks, are applied to data drawn from the European Community Household Panel from 1994 to 2001. Different destination
states are considered: paid employment, unemployment and inactivity. This allows us to search for the underlying determinants
of these different hazards. The results suggest a positive impact on survival of formal education and previous experience
within the labour market. In addition, we find that entering self-employment from unemployment has a strong negative effect
on survival within self-employment. However, our results also show that the expenditure on start-up subsidies decreases the
risk of exiting self-employment specifically for the group of individuals entering self-employment from unemployment. Therefore,
the availability of these incentives might be seen by policymakers as not only a route to increase entry into self-employment,
but also as an adequate instrument for equalising survival chances across individuals entering self-employment from unemployment
and those entering with a different starting status. 相似文献
146.
147.
Simple solutions to complex problems often have unintended and undesirable consequences. An example is Italy's approach to combating unemployment. Rigid laws designed to protect the employed perversely discourage businesses from hiring and people from working. They also encourage precarious temporary employment among young people, informal work, and under‐the‐table deals that compromise worker benefits. The numbers of Italy's unemployed and of those outside the workforce are much higher than official estimates suggest. Italy's employment protection legislation – arguably the most restrictive in Europe – creates that which it seeks to prevent: the insecurity of unemployment. 相似文献
148.
Massimo Costabile Ivar Massabó Emilio Russo 《Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting》2006,27(3):285-296
We propose a model for pricing both European and American Asian options based on the arithmetic average of the underlying
asset prices. Our approach relies on a binomial tree describing the underlying asset evolution. At each node of the tree we
associate a set of representative averages chosen among all the effective averages realized at that node. Then, we use backward
recursion and linear interpolation to compute the option price. 相似文献
149.
Ben J. Sopranzetti Emilio Venezian Xiaoli Wang 《Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting》2006,26(2):165-176
Previous studies have shown that the pattern of first day returns to initialpublic offerings is consistent with the hypotheses
of underpricing and price support. We examine two different periods, 1975–1984 and 1996–2002, and find that in each case the
measures of price support and underpricing are substantially affected by the initial public offerings' beginning price. During
the period 1975–1984, the mean and standard deviation of returns to the price supported group are nearly always zero regardless
of price, whileg the mean of the returns to the underpriced group is smile-shaped: high for low-priced and high-priced stocks
but lower for stocks offered at intermediate prices. The patterns are different in the most recent data: the mean and standard
deviation of both the price supported and underpriced groups are smile-shaped. For the lowest priced stocks, the measures
in the later period mirror those for the 1975–1984 period, but for more expensive stocks the measures are substantially higher.
The results apply to the first day returns of both firm commitment and best efforts offerings. Once price is taken into account,
other than the difference in the probability of price support, the differences among offering types seem to be of secondary
importance in explaining first day returns.
JEL Classification: 1, G12, G24 相似文献
150.