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11.
The purpose of this article is to explore the impact of seller’s reputation and promotional methods on auction outcomes in the Finnish online auction website, Huuto.net. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses are used to test a set of hypotheses. The dataset consists of 227 auctions of iPhone 4S 16 GB mobile phones posted for auction by 138 individual sellers. The main finding is that sellers who have acquired a free identification from Huuto.net achieve a hefty increase in the final sales price. Sellers who have not established an online reputation achieve considerably lower closing prices at auction. An increase in negative feedback points reduces the final sales price. Purchasing display-enhancing promotional options does not increase the price but may improve probability of sale. Establishing reputation, avoiding negative feedback, and acquiring identification pay off. The promotional options associated with fonts and colors are not worth the cost. 相似文献
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Erkki Pesonen 《Scandinavian actuarial journal》2013,2013(3-4):156-157
Abstract Some authors define the (elementary) compound Poisson process in wide sense {χ t , 0 ? t < ∞} with help of probability distributions where τ is a so-called operational time, a continuous non-decreasing function of t vanishing for t = 0, and V(q, t) is a non-negative distribution function for every t. 相似文献
15.
This paper develops a model of the relationship between public sector employment, total output and aggregate real demand
in market prices, where public employment has a positive productivity effect on private output. Public employment crowds out
private employment and output because its increase induces higher wages and taxes. The valuation of government output is also
taken into account. While public employment affects total output and aggregate real demand in an a priori ambiguous way, numerical
simulations suggest that the relationship may be nonlinear; positive, when public sector is “small” and negative, when it
is “large”. Using the annual data from 22 OECD countries over the period 1960–1996 and estimating and testing for threshold
models and more commonly used specifications with multiplicative interaction terms give support to this nonlinearity hypothesis
between public employment and private sector output.
First version received: October 1996/Final version received: April 2000 相似文献
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Erkki K. Laitinen 《European Accounting Review》2013,22(3):433-454
Standard bankruptcy prediction methods lead to models weighted by the types of failure firms included in the estimation sample. These kinds of weighted models may lead to severe classification errors when they are applied to such types of failing (and non-failing) firms which are in the minority in the estimation sample (frequency effect). The purpose of this study is to present a bankruptcy prediction method based on identifying two different failure types, i.e. the solidity and liquidity bankruptcy firms, to avoid the frequency effect. Both of the types are depicted by a theoretical gambler's ruin model of its own to yield an approximation of failure probability separately for both types. These models are applied to the data of randomly selected Finnish bankrupt and non-bankrupt firms. A logistic regression model based on a set of financial variables is used as a benchmark model. Empirical results show that the resulting heavily solidity-weighted logistic model may lead to severe errors in classifying non-bankrupt firms. The present approach will avoid these kinds of error by separately evaluating the probability of the solidity and liquidity bankruptcy; the firm is not classified bankrupt as long as neither of the probabilities exceeds the critical value. This leads the present prediction method slightly to outperform the logistic model in the overall classification accuracy. 相似文献
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Petri Mankinen Ville Vihervaara Saku Torvinen Janne Martikainen Erkki Soini 《Journal of medical economics》2019,22(4):328-335
Aim: To estimate the drug administration, travelling, and productivity costs associated with infusion or subcutaneous proteasome inhibitor (PI) treatments (specifically carfilzomib and bortezomib) for multiple myeloma (MM) patients in Finland.Materials and methods: Price tariffs of Finnish hospital districts are used as the basis of invoicing sent to healthcare service payers. A review of these price tariff lists was conducted and obtained data analysed to estimate the mean unit cost of PI administration visit. Travelling costs stratified by areas with different population densities were assessed, based on the national travelling reimbursement register data maintained by the Social Insurance Institution of Finland. Productivity costs due to time spent on administration visits and travelling were estimated based on an expert interview and a spatial healthcare accessibility analysis.Results: Nineteen (95%) of the Finnish hospital districts were included in the review. Relevant unit cost information was found for 15 (75%) of the districts. The mean PI administration cost alone was 270€ (95% CI?=?189€–351€) per administration and increased to 371€ when travelling costs were included. Productivity costs added, the mean PI administration costs totalled 405€ for bortezomib and 437€ for carfilzomib.Limitations: The costing rationale of price tariffs may vary between hospital districts. Productivity costs were estimated conservatively, due to lack of data.Conclusions: The administration of intravenous or subcutaneous PIs to treat MM in healthcare facilities causes significant and potentially avoidable healthcare, travelling, and indirect costs, and they should be included in all health economic evaluations (HEEs). As the cost estimates utilized in this study represent most of central hospitals in the country, they provide useful information for future HEEs. A broader conclusion is that novel oral medications, such as the first oral PI, have a significant potential for reducing administration-related costs of subcutaneous or intravenous PIs. 相似文献
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Royalty reform and illegal reporting of harvest volumes under alternative penalty schemes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gregory S. Amacher Erkki Koskela Markku Ollikainen 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2007,38(2):189-211
We study royalty reform in a timber concessions framework. Illegal logging in the form of underreporting of harvesting is
modeled. Harvesters can be either risk neutral or risk averse. Detection of illegal logging by the government is imperfect
and costly. We focus on the government’s policy problem, solving first for socially optimal royalty and auditing levels, and
then examining a revenue-neutral reform toward this benchmark. We find that higher royalty progression will always decrease
actual harvest volume regardless of risk preferences for the harvester, but the effect of a reform on reported harvest volume
is sensitive to the penalty scheme imposed by the government. If the fine is levied on evaded royalty payments, then higher
royalty progression may increase reported harvest volume. But when the fine is levied on undeclared harvest volume, the reverse
happens. Higher royalty regression increases actual harvest volume under both penalty schemes, but it may decrease reported
harvest volume. Higher regression will increase undeclared harvest volume when the fine is levied on evaded royalty payments.
相似文献