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131.
We study a multi-task principal-agent problem in which tasks can be in direct conflict with each other. In theory, it is difficult to induce a single agent to exert efforts in two conflicting tasks, because effort in one task decreases the success probability of the other task. We have conducted an experiment in which we find strong support for the relevance of this incentive problem. In the presence of conflict, subjects choose two efforts significantly less often when both tasks are assigned to a single agent than when there are two agents each in charge of one task. 相似文献
132.
Recent studies find that women are less competitive than men. This gender difference in competitiveness has been suggested
as one possible explanation for why men occupy the majority of top positions in many sectors. In this study we explore competitiveness
in children, with the premise that both context and gendered stereotypes regarding the task at hand may influence competitive
behavior. A related field experiment on Israeli children shows that only boys react to competition by running faster when
competing in a race. We here test if there is a gender gap in running among 7–10 year old Swedish children. We also introduce
two female sports, skipping rope and dancing, to see if competitiveness is task dependent. We find no gender difference in
reaction to competition in any task; boys and girls compete equally. Studies in different environments with different types
of tasks are thus important in order to make generalizable claims about gender differences in competitiveness. 相似文献
133.
Industrial services, product innovations, and firm profitability: A multiple-group latent growth curve analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Andreas Eggert Author Vitae Jens Hogreve Author Vitae Wolfgang Ulaga Author Vitae Eva Muenkhoff Author Vitae 《Industrial Marketing Management》2011,40(5):661-670
Manufacturers in many industries seek service-led growth beyond their product core. Yet research on the link between service revenue growth and firm profitability is still at an early stage. To shed further light on this complex relationship, we report the results of a longitudinal study based on panel data of 414 companies in the German mechanical engineering industry collected over a five-year period. Employing latent growth curve modeling and using multiple group analysis, the study provides empirical evidence for the causality between service infusion strategies and manufacturers' profit trajectories. The results also reveal differential effects of service categories and the moderating role of manufacturers' product innovation efforts. For companies with high product innovation activity, services supporting the product (SSPs) directly increase firm profitability, while services supporting the clients' actions (SSCs) do not display any link with long-term profitability. Conversely, for companies with low product innovation activity, SSCs have a significant, positive effect on firm profitability, while SSPs have only an indirect effect. In sum, our findings caution managers that service offerings do not automatically improve company profits. Manufacturers must carefully consider the fit between their service offerings and product innovation activities to grow bottom line results. 相似文献
134.
ABSTRACTThe energy sector needs to transform towards sustainability. The multi-level perspective on sociotechnical transitions is embracing an enactment perspective, which focuses on the agency of various actors in shifting transitions pathways but has yet to study local urban experiments from such an enactment perspective. Our empirical research examines an innovation intermediary’s work in destabilising the regime rules in relation to the local energy incumbent company in Helsinki, Finland. Our paper seeks answers to the questions: How does the collaboration of the intermediary and the local energy company unfold? What are the impacts of the intermediary work on the local energy company in terms of enactment of transition pathways and what are the mechanisms causing the impact? Our research shows that the intermediary contributes to the transition by disturbing existing rules, structures, practices and networks by convening innovation champions from different constituencies, renegotiating regime rules and disrupting existing R&D alliances. 相似文献
135.
This study investigates the institutional work that underlies the diffusion of responsible investment (RI) and enhances its adaptation to local settings. Building on institutional theory and actor–network theory, we advance the concept of contextualization work to describe the institutional work that sustains RI glocalization. Empirical data from two case studies highlight how entrepreneurial actors imported the notion of RI from the US to France and Québec. Our findings uncover three types of contextualization work—filtering, repurposing, and coupling—that sustain RI glocalization, and show how actors employed them in both settings to overcome the lack of technical, cultural, or political fit between the imported practice and their local context. Our results explain how divergent glocalized versions of RI are developed and adapted through contextualization work. Last, we discuss how our repertoire of contextualization work can account for local forms of a global concept and the uneven pattern of its diffusion. 相似文献
136.
ABSTRACT Most visual package research in marketing to date tests only the main effects of certain visual package elements in artificially isolated experimental contexts, though, in the store, these elements are presented to the shopper in active visual circumstances. Most food packages are highly cluttered with a number of visual and text elements all competing for the shopper's limited attention; this calls into question the external validity, and therefore the usability for practitioner purposes, of these results. Given that marketers often rely on a single visual element as the sole carrier of some particular promotional message, it is critical to ascertain whether single visual elements can break through such visual clutter to effectively deliver their promotional messages to the shopper. In this study, we manipulate the level of background activity of packages while testing the ability of one visual package element—its overall shape—to affect one particular piece of package information of concern to food shoppers— appearance of size or volume. Surprisingly, our results show that the main effect of package shape type on volume perception not only remains robust under visually cluttered conditions, but that the effect is actually heightened for certain, more geometrically complex package shape types. Managerial implications are discussed. 相似文献
137.
138.
Managers can improve real risk‐adjusted firm performance by matching nominal assets with nominal liabilities, thereby reducing the sensitivity of real risk‐adjusted returns to unexpected inflation. The net asset value of US equity real estate investment trusts (REITs) serves as a good proxy for nominal assets and, accordingly, we use a sample of US REITs to test our hypothesis. We find that for the firms in our sample: (i) their real risk‐adjusted performance, and (ii) their inflation‐hedging qualities are inversely related to deviations from this ‘matching‐nominals’ argument. In addition to providing managers with a vehicle to maximize real risk‐adjusted performance, our findings also provide investors with the tools to infer inflation‐hedging qualities of equity investments. 相似文献
139.
Spatial Dependence,Housing Submarkets,and House Price Prediction 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Steven C. Bourassa Eva Cantoni Martin Hoesli 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》2007,35(2):143-160
This paper compares alternative methods of controlling for the spatial dependence of house prices in a mass appraisal context.
Explicit modeling of the error structure is characterized as a relatively fluid approach to defining housing submarkets. This
approach allows the relevant submarket to vary from house to house and for transactions involving other dwellings in each
submarket to have varying impacts depending on distance. We conclude that—for our Auckland, New Zealand, data—the gains in
accuracy from including submarket variables in an ordinary least squares specification are greater than any benefits from
using geostatistical or lattice methods. This conclusion is of practical importance, as a hedonic model with submarket dummy
variables is substantially easier to implement than spatial statistical methods.
相似文献
Martin HoesliEmail: |
140.
A government agency wants a facility to be built and managed to provide a public service. Two different modes of provision are considered. In a public‐private partnership, the tasks of building and managing are bundled, whereas under traditional procurement, these tasks are delegated to separate private contractors. The two provision modes differ in their incentives to innovate and to gather private information about future costs to adapt the service provision to changing circumstances. The government agency’s preferred mode of provision depends on the information‐gathering costs, the costs of innovation efforts, and the degree to which effort is contractible. 相似文献