Measuring New Product Portfolio Innovativeness: How Differences in Scale Width and Evaluator Perspectives Affect its Relationship with Performance

Portfolio innovativeness is a central variable in innovation management. However, the impact of portfolio innovativeness on new product development (NPD) performance is unclear, which may partly be due to the construct's multifaceted nature. Different facets may reflect different degrees of innovativeness and may have different relationships with performance. In addition, firm members with different functional backgrounds may perceive and thus assess these facets differently, which again may influence the performance effect of portfolio innovativeness. Based on a sample of 746 CEOs and marketing as well as technology professionals from 117 firms and using Item Response Theory (IRT), a multifaceted scale of portfolio innovativeness, whose facets are able to cover the entire innovativeness spectrum, is developed. In addition, it is shown that the performance impact of portfolio innovativeness is dependent on the facets included in the scale, and on the specialization of the professional assessing the facets. Inverted U‐shaped performance effects are found when the scale covers the entire spectrum of innovativeness, and linear positive or zero effects with different types of more narrowly modeled scales. Inverted U‐shaped performance effects are also found when technology professionals assess the facets, while the assessments by marketing professionals lead to linear positive effects.     

Discussion of “Information Uncertainty and Expected Returns”

Jiang, Lee, and Zhang (Review of Accounting Studies, 2005, this issue) show that stock returns are smaller for young firms, volatile stocks, high volume stocks, and stocks with long equity durations. In addition to having lower returns, momentum effects are particularly strong in these stocks. The focus of this discussion is on the informal behavioral model that is used to explain these results and how well the variables used in the study proxy for information uncertainty, the model’s focus.This revised version was published online in August 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

Pseudo Market Timing and the Long-Run Underperformance of IPOs

Numerous studies document long-run underperformance by firms following equity offerings. This paper shows that underperformance is very likely to be observed ex-post in an efficient market. The premise is that more firms issue equity at higher stock prices even though they cannot predict future returns. Ex-post , issuers seem to time the market because offerings cluster at market peaks. Simulations based on 1973 through 1997 data reveal that when ex-ante expected abnormal returns are zero, median ex-post underperformance for equity issuers will be significantly negative in event-time. Using calendar-time returns solves the problem.     

Human resources in China: the birth quota, returns to schooling, and migration

Abstract. The rural elderly in China have 40% of the income of the urban elderly, spend a larger share of their income on food, are in worse health, work later into their lives and depend more on their children, lacking pensions and public services. The birth quota since 1980 has particularly restricted the childbearing of rural, less educated, women, who therefore have fewer children to rely on for support. This inequality is reinforced by increasing returns to schooling, especially beyond secondary school. Government restrictions on rural–urban migration reduces national efficiency, adds to the urban–rural wage gap and increases inequality.     

Der Staat als Schuldner — Quadratur des Bösen?

In der Eurokrise werden Schuldnerstaaten in ein strenges Austerit?tsprogramm gedr?ngt. Die Autoren des Beitrags zeigen, dass die Defi zite des Staates nicht unabh?ngig von den Finanzierungssalden der übrigen Sektoren der Volkswirtschaft sinnvoll analysiert werden k?nnen. Das systematisch auf die Verschuldung des Auslands setzende deutsche Wirtschaftsmodell tr?gt deshalb die Hauptverantwortung für die Eurokrise. Nur ein Schumpeterianisches Verst?ndnis der Funktion von Krediten hilft, mit dem Thema Schulden gesamtwirtschaftlich rational umzugehen und es nicht zur Demontage des Staates zu missbrauchen.     

Cooperation through imitation and exclusion in networks

We study the coevolution of networks and action choices in a Prisoners' Dilemma. Agents in our model learn about both action choices and choices of interaction partners (links) by imitating successful behavior of others. The resulting dynamics yields outcomes where both cooperators and defectors coexist under a wide range of parameters. Two scenarios can arise. Either there is “full separation” of defectors and cooperators, i.e. they are found in two different, disconnected components. Or there is “marginalization” of defectors, i.e. connected networks emerge with a center of cooperators and a periphery of defectors.