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81.
Robert L. Brown FSA FCIA ACAS Hon FIA PhD Steven G. Prus PhD 《North American actuarial journal : NAAJ》2013,17(4):30-36
Abstract This paper examines variation in old-age income inequality between industrialized nations with modern welfare systems. The analysis of income inequality across countries with different retirement income systems provides a perspective on public pension policy choices and designs and their distributional implications. Because of the progressive nature of public pension programs, we hypothesize that there is an inverse relationship between the quality of public pension benefits and old-age income inequality—that is, countries with comprehensive, universal, and generous public pension systems will exhibit more equal distributions of income in old age. Luxembourg Income Study data indeed show that cross-national variation in old-age income inequality is partly explained by differences in the percentage of seniors’ total income derived from public pension transfers. Sweden, for example, has the highest level of government transfers and the lowest level of old-age income inequality, while Israel and the United States have the lowest levels of dependency on government transfers and the highest levels of income inequality. A notable exception is Canada, where public transfers represent only a moderate portion of elderly income, yet old-age income inequality is relatively low. These findings suggest that quality of public pension benefits does indeed play a role in explaining differences in old-age income inequality between industrialized nations, yet these variations are also likely influenced by other factors. 相似文献
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Abstract As investment plays an increasingly important role in the insurance business, ruin analysis in the presence of stochastic interest (or stochastic return on investments) has become a key issue in modern risk theory, and the related results should be of interest to actuaries. Although the study of insurance risk models with stochastic interest has attracted a fair amount of attention in recent years, many significant ruin problems associated with these models remain to be investigated. In this paper we consider a risk process with stochastic interest in which the basic risk process is the classical risk process and the stochastic interest process (or the stochastic return-on-investmentgenerating process) is a compound Poisson process with positive drift. Within this framework, we first derive an integro-differential equation for the Gerber-Shiu expected discounted penalty function, and then obtain an exact solution to the equation. We also obtain closed-form expressions for the expected discounted penalty function in some special cases. Finally, we examine a lower bound for the ruin probability of the risk process. 相似文献
84.
Steven Vanduffel PhD Tom Hoedemakers PhD Jan Dhaene PhD 《North American actuarial journal : NAAJ》2013,17(4):71-82
Abstract In this paper we consider different approximations for computing the distribution function or risk measures related to a discrete sum of nonindependent lognormal random variables. Comonotonic upper and lower bound approximations for such sums have been proposed in Dhaene et al. (2002a,b). We introduce the comonotonic “maximal variance” lower bound approximation. We also compare the comonotonic approximations with two well-known moment-matching approximations: the lognormal and the reciprocal Gamma approximations. We find that for a wide range of parameter values the comonotonic “maximal variance” lower bound approximation outperforms the other approximations. 相似文献
85.
Xiaohua Lin PhD 《Thunderbird国际商业评论》2010,52(2):123-136
The international migration of highly skilled labor was formerly a threat to the underdeveloped world with regard to indigenous innovation capacity. However, certain countries have successfully turned “brain drain” into “brain gain” by effective engagement with a skilled diaspora who have returned to set up business ventures in the homeland. This article advocates an entrepreneurial approach to the development of national innovation capacity through contemporary diasporic entrepreneurship (CDE). Drawing evidence mostly from China, the article argues that (1) CDE offers an alternative to conventional indigenously and internationally oriented approaches toward innovation capacity development; (2) compared to other ways of diaspora homeland engagement, CDE is most beneficial to capacity development; and (3) besides participating in philanthropic and scientific projects, a skilled diaspora returning as private business owners represents an often more productive way of contributing to national capacity development. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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国际规范国内化的根本原因不在于国内结构的不同,不在于国内文化与规范的匹配程度是否较高,也不在于国际组织的教育作用,而在于国家是否在与国际机制的互动中其某种需要获得了一定程度的满足,或是激发了一种积极的国家利益认知。在中国对国际气候合作规范的内化中,现有的国际气候机制激发了中国希望在应对气候变化问题上掌握主动权的需要,从而形成了一种积极的国家利益认知。这种国际规范国内化的表现就是中国决定彻底转变经济增长方式,而通过对相关指标的考察可以发现这种内化已经达到了比较高的程度。 相似文献
89.
Mary R. Hardy FSA FIA PhD Julia L. Wirch ASA PhD 《North American actuarial journal : NAAJ》2013,17(4):62-75
Abstract In this paper we present a method for defining a dynamic risk measure from a static risk measure, by backwards iteration. We apply the method to the conditional tail expectation (CTE) risk measure to construct a new, dynamic risk measure, the iterated CTE (ICTE). We show that the ICTE is coherent, consistent, and relevant according to the definitions of Riedel (2003), and we derive formulae for the ICTE for the case where the loss process is lognormal. Finally, we demonstrate the practical implementation of the ICTE to an equity-linked insurance contract with maturity and death benefit guarantees. 相似文献
90.
Paul Emms PhD 《North American actuarial journal : NAAJ》2013,17(2):176-197
Abstract This paper extends a target-based model of income drawdown developed in Gerrard et al. (Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 35: 321–342 [2006]) (GHV) for the distribution phase of a defined contribution pension scheme. The optimal investment strategy of the pension fund and the optimal drawdown are found using linear-quadratic optimization, which minimizes the deviation of the fund and the drawdown from prescribed targets. The GHV model is modified by nondimensionalizing the loss function, so that there is a relative choice between outcomes. Using this model, three classes of target are studied. Endogenous deterministic targets are suggested from the form of the optimal controls, while exogenous deterministic targets can be stated without knowledge of the optimization problem. The third class of stochastic targets is similar to recent annuity products, which incorporate investment risk. Each scheme represents a trade-off between investment risk and return, and this is illustrated by numerical simulation with reference to a canonical example. A particularly attractive form of income drawdown is given by an implied rate of return target. This yields a reasonable investment strategy and a robust consumption profile with age. In addition, it can be easily explained to pension scheme members. 相似文献