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101.
J. Edward Russo 《Journal of Consumer Policy》1987,10(2):109-138
Telecommunication, video, and artificial intelligence technologies are supporting new product information systems capable of an increasingly intelligent dialog with consumers. The success of these new systems, just as with all past systems, depends on consumers' perceiving more benefits than costs from using them. Many of the new sophisticated systems may not succeed, and some have already failed, because their benefits cannot be made to exceed their costs. Especially important are nonmonetary costs like information processing effort and frustrating or tedious use experiences. The impact of the new technologies on information providers is discussed, as is the role of consumer-oriented policy makers in influencing the development of new product information systems.
J. Edward Russo is Associate Professor of Marketing and Behavioral Science, Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4201, USA.An earlier draft of this paper was presented at the conference, New Challenges for European Consumer Policy, held at Heiligkreuztal, FRG, and sponsored by the European Cultural Foundation, the Commission of the European Communities, and IBM Deutschland, in March 1986. The present version has benefited from comments by conference participants, especially Klaus Grunert, Carl-Heinz Moritz, Preben Sepstrup, and Klaus Wieken. Special thanks go to Folke Ölander for extensive comments and discussion. 相似文献
Auf dem Wege zu intelligenten Produktinformationssystemen für Konsumenten
Zusammenfassung Telekommunikation, Bildschirmsysteme und andere neue Technologien ermöglichen neue Produktinformationssysteme, die einen besseren Dialog mit dem Konsumenten gestatten. Als intelligent wird ein Informationssystem im vorliegenden Beitrag dann bezeichnet, wenn es seine Informationen nicht einfach nur bereithält, sondern diese Informationen personalisieren, d.h. auf den einzelnen Konsumenten individuell ausrichten kann. Der Erfolg der neuen Systeme hängt ebenso wie bei den bisherigen Systemen davon ab, wie die Konsumenten die Kosten-Nutzen-Relation beurteilen. Manches hochentwickelte und anspruchsvolle System dürfte sich nicht durchsetzen, weil es nicht gelingt, seinen Gesamtnutzen über die häufig recht hohen Kosten hinaus ansteigen zu lassen.Ob die sich entwickelnden Informationssysteme im Konsumenteninteresse liegen, hängt nach Meinung des Beitrages ab (a) davon, wer diese Systeme entwickelt, (b) von der Rolle des Staates und (c) von der Wachsamkeit der Verbraucherorganisationen. Die bisherigen Informationsanbieter in Europa und in den USA sind überwiegend private gewinnorientierte Organisationen, vor allem Unternehmungen. Die Verbraucherorganisationen sind gegenwärtig noch keine wichtigen Informationsanbieter. Der Staat kann die Nützlichkeit der Informationssysteme für Verbraucher sowohl durch unterstützende wie auch regulierende Maßnahmen fördern. Die Verbraucherorganisationen könnten für ihr Informationsangebot so, wie sie heute Printmedien benützen, in Zukunft aktiver die neuen Technologien nutzen. Zumindest sollten sie die Entwicklung der kommerziellen Systeme stärker daraufhin überwachen, daß sie dem Verbraucherinteresse nicht zuwiderlaufen.
J. Edward Russo is Associate Professor of Marketing and Behavioral Science, Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4201, USA.An earlier draft of this paper was presented at the conference, New Challenges for European Consumer Policy, held at Heiligkreuztal, FRG, and sponsored by the European Cultural Foundation, the Commission of the European Communities, and IBM Deutschland, in March 1986. The present version has benefited from comments by conference participants, especially Klaus Grunert, Carl-Heinz Moritz, Preben Sepstrup, and Klaus Wieken. Special thanks go to Folke Ölander for extensive comments and discussion. 相似文献
102.
Paolo De Angelis Antonio Luciano Martire Emilio Russo 《Scandinavian actuarial journal》2016,2016(3):246-261
This article proposes a bivariate lattice model for evaluating equity-linked policies embedding a surrender option when the underlying equity dynamics is described by a geometric Brownian motion with stochastic interest rate. The main advantage of the model stays in that the original processes for the reference fund and the interest rate are directly discretized by means of lattice approximations, without resorting to any additional transformation. Then, the arising lattices are combined in order to establish a bivariate tree where equity-linked policy premiums are computed by discounting the policy payoff over the lattice branches, and allowing early exercise at each premium payment date to model the surrender decision. 相似文献
103.
Model averaging has become a popular method of estimation, following increasing evidence that model selection and estimation should be treated as one joint procedure. Weighted‐average least squares (WALS) is a recent model‐average approach, which takes an intermediate position between frequentist and Bayesian methods, allows a credible treatment of ignorance, and is extremely fast to compute. We review the theory of WALS and discuss extensions and applications. 相似文献
104.
We investigate the interplay between increasing inequality and consumer credit in a complex macroeconomic system with financially fragile heterogeneous households, firms and banks. Simulation results show that there are pros and cons of introducing consumer credit: on the one hand, for a certain time, it leads to lower unemployment through boosting aggregate demand; on the other hand, it accelerates the system tendency to the crisis. Since the increase of financial profits goes with a decline of households’ real wealth, a policy trade-off emerges. 相似文献
105.
106.
This paper presents a principal-agent model in which the agent has imprecise beliefs. We model this situation formally by assuming the agent?s preferences are incomplete as in Bewley (1986) [2]. In this setting, incentives must be robust to Knightian uncertainty. We study the implications of robustness for the form of the resulting optimal contracts. We give conditions under which there is a unique optimal contract, and show that it must have a simple flat payment plus bonus structure. That is, output levels are divided into two sets, and the optimal contract pays the same wage for all output levels in each set. We derive this result for the case in which the agent?s utility function is linear and then show it also holds if this utility function has some limited curvature. 相似文献
107.
In the extensive job search literature, studies assume either sequential or non‐sequential search. This article introduces a novel method to test the hypothesis that firms search sequentially based on the relationship between the number of rejected job applicants and the number of filled vacancies. We distinguish between ten different search methods. For most search methods, including methods that rely on social networks and temporary help agencies, we find that sequential search cannot be rejected. However, when firms use advertising or public/private employment agencies, sequential search is rejected. Hence, we find that both forms of search are relevant for our understanding of the labour market. Further, the form of search is closely related to the search method used. 相似文献
108.
Aggregate investment in the US economy displays a hump-shaped pattern in response to shocks, and the autocorrelation of aggregate investment growth is positive for the first few quarters, turning negative for the later quarters. This paper shows that this feature of the data is the natural outcome of a two-sector consumption/investment model designed and calibrated to reproduce plant-level evidence on capital accumulation. 相似文献
109.
110.
Models used in neoclassical economics assume human behavior to be purely rational. On the other hand, models adopted in social and behavioral psychology are founded on the “black box” of human cognition. In view of these observations, this paper aims at bridging this gap by introducing psychological constructs in the well‐established microeconomic framework of choice behavior based on random utility theory. In particular, it combines constructs developed employing Ajzen's theory of planned behavior with Lancaster's theory of consumer demand for product characteristics to explain stated preferences over certified animal‐friendly foods (AFF). To reach this objective, a Web survey was administered in the largest five EU‐25 countries: France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Findings identify some salient cross‐cultural differences between northern and southern Europe and suggest that psychological constructs developed using the Ajzen model are useful in explaining heterogeneity of preferences. Implications for policymakers and marketers involved with certified AFF are discussed. 相似文献