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31.
In this roundtable that took place at the 2016 Millstein Governance Forum at Columbia Law School, four directors of public companies discuss the changing role and responsibilities of corporate boards. In response to increasingly active investors who are looking to management and boards for more information and greater accountability, the four panelists describe the growing demands on boards for both competence and commitment to the job. Despite considerable improvements since the year 2000, and especially since the 2008 financial crisis, the clear consensus is that U.S. corporate directors must become more like owners of the corporation who “truly represent the long‐term interests of all of the shareholders.” But if activist investors appear to pose the most formidable new challenge for corporate directors—one that has the potential to lead to shortsighted managerial decision‐making—there has been another, less visible development that should be welcomed by wellrun companies that are investing in their future growth as well as meeting investors’ expectations for current performance. According to Raj Gupta, who serves on the boards of HewlettPackard, Delphi Automotive, Arconic, and the Vanguard Group,
[O]ld‐fashioned institutional shareholders—many of them long‐term buyers and holders—now account for a remarkably large percentage of the ownership of U.S. companies. If you looked closely, I think you would find that, in every large U.S. public company today, as few as 20 large institutional shareholders control 50 to 75% of the stock. And although they're not activists who resort to the proxy process, they are also not the silent shareholders of the past.Although these investors are “bringing enormous pressure to bear on management,” the good news for managements and boards is that such concentration of ownership should make it far easier for them to build trust by making their case directly to “the investment community,” and so win the market support that can give companies the “breathing room” to carry out their long‐term business plans. Another piece of encouraging news for boards is that, by drawing on a more diverse pool of directors than in the past—one that includes a rapidly growing number of women, people of color, and “internationals”—they are finding themselves with a breadth of perspective and experience that has better prepared them to respond to changes in an increasingly global and volatile business environment. 相似文献
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Although the hypothesis that small firms create the majority of net new jobs is widely believed, a number of researchers have attacked this using empirical data. Since these attacks have been presented as corrections of past methodological errors, their authors may influence policy makers. This paper argues that the substance of these attacks is a difference in theoretical perspectives even though the researchers claim to focus on methodological differences. This paper explains the two underlying economic theories and then reviews the job creation research to demonstrate the relationship between theory and methodology.The theory discussion and methodological results demonstrates that all methodologies used to calculate small firms share of net new jobs are incorrect for analyzing the dynamics of capitalism. The appropriate methodology for understanding economic growth is analysis of new employment created over time by cohorts of newly formed firms. Recognition of this fact, combined with describing the empirical research supporting this approach, reinforces the use of economic development policies designed to promote entrepreneurship. 相似文献
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William Greene 《Journal of Applied Econometrics》1993,8(3):328-330
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We investigate the multiple effects of writing a business plan prior to start‐up on new venture performance. We argue that the impact of business plans depends on the purpose for and circumstances in which they are being used. We offer an empirical methodology which can account for these multiple effects while disentangling real impact effects from selection effects. We apply this to English data where we find that business plans promote employment growth. This is found to be due to the impact of the plan and not selection effects. 相似文献
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William Greene Mark N. Harris Bruce Hollingsworth Timothy A. Weterings 《Journal of economic surveys》2014,28(1):109-133
Discrete variables that have an inherent sense of ordering across outcomes are commonly found in large data sets available to many economists, and are often the focus of research. However, assumptions underlying the standard ordered probit (which is usually used to analyse such variables) are not always justified by the data. This study provides a review of the ways in which the ordered probit might be extended to account for additional heterogeneity. Differing from other reviews in scope, application and relevance in economic settings, a series of issues pertaining to choices of variables, and the economic assumptions underlying each model are discussed in the context of measuring the underlying health of respondents. The models are applied to a wave of the household, income and labour dynamics in Australia survey, in order to check the appropriateness of such assumptions in an applied context. 相似文献
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Greene William H. Chambers Robert G. Podinovski Victor 《Journal of Productivity Analysis》2021,55(3):155-155
Journal of Productivity Analysis - 相似文献
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