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991.
We investigate the leverage of hedge funds in the time series and cross-section. Hedge fund leverage is counter-cyclical to the leverage of listed financial intermediaries and decreases prior to the start of the financial crisis in mid-2007. Hedge fund leverage is lowest in early 2009 when the market leverage of investment banks is highest. Changes in hedge fund leverage tend to be more predictable by economy-wide factors than by fund-specific characteristics. In particular, decreases in funding costs and increases in market values both forecast increases in hedge fund leverage. Decreases in fund return volatilities predict future increases in leverage. 相似文献
992.
This paper investigates whether the benefits of bank-borrower relationships differ depending on three factors identified in the theoretical literature: verifiability of information, bank size and complexity, and bank competition. We extend the current literature by analyzing how relationship lending affects loan contract terms and credit availability in an empirical model that simultaneously accounts for all three of these factors. Based on Japanese survey data we find evidence that the benefits from stronger bank-borrower relationships in terms of credit availability are limited to smaller banks. However, when the benefits are measured as improved credit terms, we find little additional benefit, and in some cases increased cost, from stronger relationships for opaque borrowers and for borrowers who get funding from small banks. These latter findings suggest the possibility that relationship borrowers may suffer from capture effects. 相似文献
993.
994.
Christopher M. McDermott Gregory N. Stock Rachna Shah 《Operations Management Research》2011,4(3-4):127-137
Focus in healthcare has been heralded as the next frontier in improving its efficiency and efficacy (Herzlinger 2004). Focus takes several different forms, ranging from standalone specialty centers to a hospital that places a strategic emphasis on a clinical area. We adopt this latter perspective and define focus as a disproportionate emphasis on a particular clinical area in a hospital. We use secondary data from hospitals providing cardiology care in New York State to examine the relationship between focus and performance. We develop two measures of focus. Proportional focus is defined to be the proportion of cases treated in a particular clinical specialty. Expertise focus is defined to be specific evidence that a hospital has taken action to build expertise in treating diseases in that specialty. We operationalize hospital performance along cost and quality dimensions, and we use hierarchical regression to examine the impact of focus on performance. Our results indicate that proportional focus, but not expertise focus, is associated with better cost performance. Quality performance, on the other hand, was associated only with the interaction between proportional focus and expertise focus, which means that only hospitals exhibiting higher levels of both proportional and expertise focus achieve better quality performance. These findings support the notion that not only is focus important in healthcare, but also that researchers and practitioners need to recognize that relationships are contingent on the performance and focus measures used and thus, findings may not be generalizable from one metric to another. 相似文献
995.
996.
This paper re-examines the spaceship problem, i.e. the design of the optimal population under a fixed living space, by focusing
on the dilemma between adding new beings and extending the life of existing beings. For that purpose, we characterize, under
time-additive individual welfare depending negatively on population density, the preference ordering of a utilitarian social
planner over lifetime-equal histories, i.e. histories with demographic conditions yielding an equal finite number of life-periods
(imposed by resources constraints). The analysis of the spaceship problem contradicts widespread beliefs about the populationism
of Classical Utilitarianism and the antipopulationism of Average Utilitarianism. We also study the invariance property exhibited
by various utilitarian rankings to the total space available and to individual preferences. Finally, we compare histories
for a spaceship with a stationary population, and try to accomodate intuitions about posterity and renewal of populations. 相似文献
997.
Stakeholder Salience Revisited:
Refining,Redefining, and Refueling
an Underdeveloped Conceptual Tool
Benjamin A. Neville Simon J. Bell Gregory J. Whitwell 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,102(3):357-378
This article revisits and further develops Mitchell et al.’s (Acad Manag Rev 22(4):853–886, 1997) theory of stakeholder identification and salience. Stakeholder salience holds considerable unrealized potential for understanding
how organizations may best manage multiple stakeholder relationships. While the salience framework has been cited numerous
times, attempts to develop it further have been relatively limited. We begin by reviewing the key contributions of other researchers.
We then identify and seek to resolve three residual weaknesses in Mitchell et al.’s (1997) framework, thereby strengthening its foundations for further development. We argue, first, that urgency is not relevant
for identifying stakeholders; second, that it is primarily the moral legitimacy of the stakeholder’s claim that applies to
stakeholder salience; and last, that the salience of stakeholders will vary as the degrees of the attributes vary. These insights
inform revised definitions of stakeholder salience and legitimacy, and necessitate a new theoretical underpinning for the
role of legitimacy. Finally, we present an extensive agenda for future research with the objective of refueling research in
stakeholder salience. 相似文献
998.
999.
Beverly T. Venable Gregory M. Rose Victoria D. Bush Faye W. Gilbert 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》2005,33(3):295-312
Marketing concepts such as corporate identity, image, and branding are important strategies for nonprofit organizations. In
particular, brand personality has been advocated by practitioners but has not been empirically investigated in the nonprofit
context. According to social exchange theory and trust, the authors argue that nonprofit stakeholders perceive nonprofit organizations
at an abstract level because of the organizations’ intangibility and social ideals. This study develops and refines a parsimonious
measure of brand personality specifically for the nonprofit context. The authors conduct a series of six multimethod studies
of nonprofit stakeholders to validate the role of brand personality in nonprofit organizations. The results yield four dimensions
of brand personality for nonprofits: integrity, nurturance, sophistication, and ruggedness. Thus, current and potential donors
ascribe personality traits to nonprofit organizations and differentiate between nonprofits on the basis of the organizations’
personality. Finally, nonprofit brand personality may influence potential donors’ likelihood to contribute.
Beverly T. Venable (venable_beverly@colstate.edu; Ph.D., University of Mississippi) is an assistant professor of marketing at Columbus State
University. Her research interests are in nonprofit marketing, branding, and ethics. She has published in theJournal of Business Ethics and several national and international proceedings.
Gregory M. Rose (rosegm@u.washington.edu; Ph.D., University of Oregon) is an associate professor of marketing at the University of Washington,
Tacoma. His research interests include consumer socialization and cross-cultural consumer behavior. He has published articles
in theJournal of Consumer Research, theJournal of Marketing, theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science, theJournal of Business Research, theJournal of Advertising, and theJournal of Consumer Psychology, as well as other journals and proceedings.
Victoria D. Bush (vbush@bus.olemiss.edu; Ph.D., University of Memphis) is an associate professor of marketing at the University of Mississippi.
Her research interests include cultural diversity in buyer-seller relationships, advertising ethics, and Internet marketing.
Her research has been published in theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science, theJournal of Advertising Research, theJournal of Advertising, theJournal of Public Policy and Marketing, andIndustrial Marketing Management, as well as other journals and proceedings.
Faye W. Gilbert (faye.gilbert@gcsu.edu; Ph.D., University of North Texas) is a professor of marketing and dean of the J. Whitney Bunting
School of Business at Georgia College and State University. Her research interests are in customer relationship management,
health care marketing, and sales management. She has published in theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science, theJournal of Business Research, theJournal of Retailing, Psychology and Marketing, as well as other journals and proceedings. 相似文献
1000.