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171.
Gunnar Andersson 《Technological Forecasting and Social Change》1973,5(3):305-319
Viewing forecasting in terms of three modes, as predictions deduced from tested scientific theories, as trend extrapolations, and as heuristics, it is shown that most long-term predictions are inherently contingent. They do not tell us what will happen unconditionally, but what will happen, in case something else happens. Hence futures studies will not show us any predetermined future, but rather different ways of shaping the future. Scientific predictions, trend extrapolation, and heuristic methods are the most important approaches to forecasting. If they are properly understood, this will help understanding other less important methods also. 相似文献
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Franz Josef Scholz 《Journal of Consumer Policy》1981,5(1-2):134-139
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
175.
Eike von Hippel Gunnar Adler-Karlsson Klaus Peter Kaas Werner Brinkmann Hermann Scherl Karl-Heinz Hillmann 《Journal of Consumer Policy》1979,3(2):171-190
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
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Nordlöf Charlotta Norström Per Höst Gunnar Hallström Jonas 《International Journal of Technology and Design Education》2022,32(3):1583-1604
International Journal of Technology and Design Education - There is not one single global version of technology education; curricula and standards have different forms and content. This sometimes... 相似文献
179.
Gunnar Alexandersson Matts Andersson Anders Bondemark Staffan Hultén 《Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics》2023,94(1):221-239
Transaction costs have been an issue since the advent of the deregulation of the European railway markets in the 1990s. Transaction cost economics received renewed attention in research on the deregulated railway markets in the EU after the publications of two influential reports in the early 2010s. In this article, we develop a model that enables classification and measurement of transaction costs and other coordination costs in deregulated markets. This model is then used to analyze the costs of path allocation in the Swedish railway sector and to compare the results with findings in previous research. We also discuss the economic rationale of the distribution of coordination costs among the involved parties. Our key empirical findings are that the total coordination costs in the Swedish market-mimicking path allocation process are as low as or lower than the most cost-efficient market coordination processes studied in railway markets, and that the state administrations take on nearly all the coordination costs in order to minimize the effects of opportunism, rent-seeking and information impactedness. Another finding is that the size of the coordination costs found by different studies seems to be dependent on whether a bottom-up or a top-down approach is used. 相似文献