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This paper studies the control problem of a stochastic monetary system. The Central Bank has the choice of two targets: the size of its portfolio of assets or the level of interest rate on that class of assets. If its objective is to minimize the variance of a monetary aggregate or of private sector interest rate, the conditions under which one or the other of the targets should be used are analyzed. However, if the ultimate objective is a minimum variance in a desired GNP level the effect of the immediate target is the same whether the central bank employs a money stock or a private interest rate target. 相似文献
94.
Michelle J. White 《Journal of urban economics》1978,5(2):219-240
This paper poses a model of the effects of job suburbanization and suburban exclusionary zoning on the welfare of blacks and other urban minority groups. It explores the circumstances under which blacks take suburban jobs and whether they are made better off if they do so. The possibilities that blacks outcommute from central area ghettos and that they relocate to suburban housing near the jobs are each considered. A hypothetical governmental project to subsidize the creation of 10,000 suburban jobs for blacks is explored in a cost-benefit framework, stressing the effects of suburban exclusionary zoning on the project's feasibility. 相似文献
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White JS 《Medical economics》1982,59(8):268, 271-268, 274
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98.
Déjà Vu All Over Again: The Causes of U.S. Commercial Bank Failures This Time Around 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
In this study, we analyze why commercial banks failed during the recent financial crisis. We find that traditional proxies for the CAMELS components, as well as measures of commercial real estate investments, do an excellent job in explaining the failures of banks that were closed during 2009, just as they did in the previous banking crisis of 1985–1992. Surprisingly, we do not find that residential mortgage-backed securities played a significant role in determining which banks failed and which banks survived. Our results offer support for the CAMELS approach to judging the safety and soundness of commercial banks, but call, into serious question the current system of regulatory risk weights and concentration limits on commercial real estate loans. 相似文献
99.
Does Cultural Distance Hinder Trade in Goods? A Comparative Study of Nine OECD Member Nations 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We examine the effect of cultural distance, a proxy for the lack of a minimum reservoir of trust necessary to initiate and
complete trade deals, on bilateral trade flows. Employing data for 67 countries that span the years 1996–2001, we estimate
a series of modified gravity specifications and find that cultural dissimilarity between nations has an economically significant
and consistently negative effect on aggregate and disaggregated trade flows; however, estimated effects vary in magnitude
and economic significance across measures of trade and our cohort of OECD reference countries. The consistently negative influence
of cultural distance indicates that policymakers may wish to consider mechanisms that enhance the build-up of trust and commitment
when seeking to facilitate the initiation and completion of international trade deals. Our findings also imply that coefficient
estimates from related studies that do not account for the trade-inhibiting effect of cultural distance may be biased. 相似文献
100.
Unions make differences to employee satisfaction that correspond to their effects on individual economic advantage. Panel data reveal how changes in economic circumstance and changes in job satisfaction are linked to changes in union coverage. When individuals move into a union covered job they receive a wage mark‐up and express enhanced pay satisfaction. Conversely, those moving from a union covered job on average lose any mark‐up and have significantly reduced satisfaction. Similar findings emerge for working hours. On average individuals prefer shorter hours, something they tend (not) to achieve on moving (out of) into a unionised job, resulting in higher (lower) satisfaction. Switching into union coverage lowers satisfaction with job security, even though coverage has no effect on the risk of unemployment. This is because covered employees suffer greater costs of re‐employment for a given level of unemployment risk, partly because of loss of the union mark‐up. 相似文献