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101.
The protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) has been a contentious issue for more than 20 years. Industrialized nations have moved to knowledge‐based economies, and simultaneously, trade barriers have fallen, making intellectual property (IP) vulnerable. Adding to this vulnerability are conflicting international institutional environments, belief systems, and economic realities. The debate over IPR protection has become a significant global trade issue pitting the net‐technology producing “North” against the net‐technology consuming “South.” With this in mind, there has been much debate about the impact of alternative IPR regimes (tight or loose) on the welfare of Southern economies. Policy makers, in both the South and the North, search for arguments to convince recalcitrant Southern countries to follow the Northern model of strict IPR regimes. The South, faced with a dilemma, searches for arguments to justify looser regimes or convince its populace that tighter regimes are in the best interest of the nation. The objective of this research is to add empirical clarity about the welfare impacts of weak IPR on the firm and host country. To this end, we employ a novel methodological design and unique context. The research design is deductive, in that we use the empirical setting of Pioneer‐Argentina, S.A., a seller of bioengineered agricultural seeds, to test the existing theory of weak IPR impacts in a North–South context.  相似文献   
102.
This paper examines whether small-scale ecotourism is sustainable. For the purpose of the paper the term 'ecotourism' has been refined, and evaluation criteria compiled for small-scale community ecotourism comprising of three concepts: environmental sensitivity, socio-cultural appropriateness, and economic viability. The case study of Niue was chosen because it met the initial evaluation criteria, and was used to determine whether small-scale community ecotourism was sustainable. Niue's tourism industry was assessed in the areas of environmental, socio-cultural and economic viability and all three must exist in symbiosis to achieve sustainability. The results of the research show that Niue's tourism industry is sustainable only in environmental and socio-cultural aspects, however, due to insufficient visitor arrivals it is not economically viable. Niue is isolated, reliant on aid and is the most expensive destination in the South Pacific due primarily to the cost and frequency of the air service. Niue can increase its visitor numbers to achieve economic viability, or attract higher spending visitors to the island. Care must be taken not to exceed the island's carrying capacity, which would cause negative environmental and socio-cultural impacts. A balance needs to be made between the three concepts to achieve sustainability, with careful planning and monitoring.  相似文献   
103.
104.
Governmental Incentives for Corporate Self Regulation   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This article presents an overview of traditional legal and regulatory incentives directed at achieving lawful corporate behavior, together with examples of more recent governmental incentives aimed at encouraging self regulation activities by corporations. These incentives have been differentiated into positive incentives that benefit corporations for actions that encourage or assist lawful behavior, and punitive incentives that only punish corporations for violations of legal or regulatory standards. This analysis indicates that traditional legal and regulatory incentives for lawful corporate behavior are overwhelmingly punitive in their intended effects, while more recent governmental incentives to encourage voluntary corporate self regulation are much more positive in their intended effects.A prototype private compliance system containing typical features specified in governmental incentives for corporate self regulation was then analyzed applying the same positive/punitive analysis that was performed with the governmental incentives. This analysis suggests that corporate compliance programs that are structured to comply with Department of Defense regulations for defense contractors or the new Federal Organizational Sentencing Guidelines will reflect the same overwhelmingly punitive balance of incentives for lawful and ethical employee conduct as do the traditional legal and regulatory incentive systems for lawful corporate behavior.Finally, the question of whether governmental incentives for corporate self regulation are succeeding was investigated by examining the behavior of the Fortune 1000 companies in enacting or revising corporate codes of conduct, an essential feature of every governmental-encouraged system for corporate self regulation, during the period 1960 to 1994. This data indicates a dramatic growth in the enactment of voluntary corporate codes of conduct by the Fortune 1000 companies in the period 1985–1994 that broadly parallels the growth in positive governmental incentives for such programs. In addition, several dramatic increases in code enactment and revision activity that occurred, coincide with specific governmental incentives for private compliance programs offered during that period.  相似文献   
105.
Investigating mediations of hierarchical labor conflicts, this study focuses on the influence of hierarchical position on perceptions of procedural justice, mediation effectiveness and its moderating effect on this relationship. Since the influence of hierarchical position is omnipresent in organizational life, it is most likely that also parties’ perceptions and appreciation of the mediation will be affected. To test our hypotheses, we use data from real mediation cases dealing with hierarchical labor conflicts in the Netherlands. In line with our hypotheses, results indicate that supervisors—compared with subordinates—perceive more procedural justice and perceive the mediation as more effective. The most striking result however, is that especially subordinates’ perceptions of mediation effectiveness are determined by perceptions of procedural justice: especially when confronted with low levels of procedural justice, their perceptions of mediation effectiveness are negatively affected. This is not true for supervisors. Implications for mediation theory and practice are discussed.  相似文献   
106.
This article argues why and how a participatory approach to implement corporate social responsibility (CSR) in a cluster would be beneficial for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) who are members of the NCE – Subsea cluster in Bergen, Norway. The political and strategic reasons as well as internal motivation for SMEs to incorporate CSR into their business strategies are discussed with support from relevant literature. Furthermore, we offer a discussion on the characteristics of different approaches to incorporating CSR as part of business strategy and provide examples from the Norwegian context. As part of this discussion, we look into some of the clusters in Europe which have adopted a systematic approach to implement CSR as part of their agenda. We propose a means to undertake CSR as part of the cluster through a network model to address the limitations faced by the SMEs when they try to implement CSR individually. A network model (cluster approach) to CSR will motivate the uptake of CSR among SMEs when the network (cluster) is characterized by close geographical proximity and operates in the same sector. The uptake of CSR as part of the network (cluster) agenda can also lead to innovation through cooperation and competition. The particular challenges faced by the SMEs in implementing and sustaining CSR can be also minimized by being part of a network (cluster).  相似文献   
107.
A critical review of climate change risk for ski tourism   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Ski tourism is a multi-billion dollar international market attracting between 300 and 350 million annual skier visits. With its strong reliance on specific climatic conditions, the ski industry is regarded as the tourism market most directly and immediately affected by climate change. A critical review of the 119 publications that have examined the climate change risk of ski tourism in 27 countries is provided. This growing and increasingly diverse literature has projected decreased reliability of slopes dependent on natural snow, increased snowmaking requirements, shortened and more variable ski seasons, a contraction in the number of operating ski areas, altered competitiveness among and within regional ski markets, and attendant implications for ski tourism employment and values of vacation property real estate values. The extent and timing of these consequences depend on the rate of climate change and the types of adaptive responses by skiers as well as ski tourism destinations and their competitors. The need to understanding differential climate risk grows as investors and financial regulators increasingly require climate risk disclosure at the destination and company scale. Key knowledge gaps to better assist ski tourism destinations to adapt to future climate risk are identified.  相似文献   
108.
From 1993 through 1998, JLG Industries, a manufacturer of aerial work platforms, achieved dramatic improvements in operating efficiency and created substantial value for shareholders. One dollar invested in JLG stock at the end of 1992 would have been worth $15.82 at the end of 1998, whereas one dollar invested in a portfolio of industry peers would have grown to only $1.48 over the same period. Most of the value created by JLG can be traced to three factors: a highly successful product development program that generated substantial revenue; large cost savings resulting from improvements in operations; and a dramatic reduction in inventories. The authors attribute JLG's success to a strategic initiative that focused attention on key value drivers, decentralized decision-making, and strengthened incentives for employees throughout the organization.
In the early 1980s JLG adopted several knowledge-based management techniques, including TQM and just-in time inventory, but at that time the company's decision-making was more centralized and employee incentives did not correspond to strategic goals. After the departure of its founder in 1993, JLG decentralized decision-making, strengthened employees' incentives, and achieved enormous success. Evidence from the JLG case supports the argument that the benefits of TQM and related management techniques are most likely to be achieved when companies have organizational structures and incentives that encourage the most effective use of those techniques. It also is consistent with recent data compiled by Industry Week that shows a direct relation between employee empowerment and corporate performance.  相似文献   
109.
Professional Ethics, viewed as a managerial challenge and opportunity in this study, deals with the often overlooked conceptions, actions and behavior of individuals who see themselves both as members of a profession and as members of an organization. Managers have to deal with this dual loyalty and inherent potential for conflict. This is of particular importance for new types of organizations when wanting to develop and sustain an ethical platform for the ultimate goal – assuring that future business decisions of individuals are in "ethical balance" with the organization's own values and goals.  相似文献   
110.
Until the technology needed to surmount global physical limits is discovered and widely used, raising standards of living in much of the third world is a luxury. Three ways of creating the wealth required to support such a massive technological and investment programme are reviewed: letting present trends continue, going for increased regional autonomy, or greatly increasing prices of third world primary exports. A simple model with five sectors and three regions is used; it confirms aspects of The Limits to Growth models, and raises further qualms concerning social and political constraints.  相似文献   
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