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31.
Country size and the rule of law: Resuscitating Montesquieu 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this paper, we demonstrate that there is a robust negative relationship between the size of country territory and a measure of the rule of law for a large cross-section of countries. We outline a framework featuring two main reasons for this regularity; firstly that institutional quality often has the character of a local public good that is imperfectly spread across space from the core of the country to the hinterland, and secondly that a large territory usually is accompanied by valuable rents and a lack of openness that both tend to distort property rights institutions. Our empirical analysis further shows some evidence that whether the capital is centrally or peripherally located within the country matters for the average level of rule of law. 相似文献
32.
A. Hansson 《Technology Analysis & Strategic Management》1993,5(1):55-69
This article poses questions about the significance of increased internationalization of science which has developed since the cold war. It deals with three different aspects of present-day science: particle ptpsics, nanotechnology and space exploration. In a simple way, research can be divided into three different froms: information (which, by definition, I call public), knowledge (that is, covered by intellectual property rights (IPR)) and training. Further, I assume that innovation is commercial and thus has a profit motive, in contrast with the scientific goal of enlarging our view of the universe. There is, however, a more fundamental issue which is the realization that the type of accounting economy we have is too naive to develop our society further. Consider figures form the US Department of Commerce-if research is one cost unit, engineering to protogpe is three and full production 20, or even 50 for pharmaceuticals. These figures indicate the present importance placed on rates of return on capital in assessing the effectiveness of research. 相似文献
33.
In the 1980s it became increasingly clear that the European Community market was still segmented by national borders because
of non-tariff barriers to trade. A major objective of the Single Market Program in 1992 was to remove these barriers, thereby
enforcing intra-union competition. In this paper, a panel of Swedish firm-level data is used to evaluate whether domestic
market power has been curtailed as a consequence of the SMP and of the Swedish membership in the European Union in 1995. Evidence
of increased competition emerges, as price-cost margins have declined in industries with high non-tariff barriers prior to
1992.
JEL Classification Numbers: F15, L11, C33 相似文献
34.
35.
This survey provides an updated review of the empirical literature on the regional effects of monetary policy in economic activity by means of undertaking a threefold perspective. First, the main methodological dimensions of this literature are examined while pinpointing those modelling or methodological traits that constitute a source of diverging estimates and thereby produce inconclusive evidence. Secondly, the estimates yielded by the literature are summarized by carrying out a cross‐study analysis of the results for each monetary union. By drawing on empirical regularities that are robust across studies, the conclusiveness of the results is assessed, while those monetary unions for which conclusive evidence is still lacking are also identified. Lastly, the sources of regional heterogeneity identified by these studies are reviewed in order to shed some light on the linkage between monetary policy and territorial heterogeneity. As a result of this threefold perspective, this survey delivers overall structured conclusions and updated policy‐relevant lessons. Moreover, various research gaps and emerging topics in the literature are also identified. 相似文献
36.
Nathalia Suchek Cristina I. Fernandes Sascha Kraus Matthias Filser Helena Sjögrén 《Business Strategy and the Environment》2021,30(8):3686-3702
The circular economy emerged as an alternative model to the linear system, which now appears to be reaching its physical limitations. To transition to a circular economy, companies must not only be aware of but also engage in more sustainable practices. For such a transition, companies must rethink and innovate their business models and the ways they propose value to their clients while simultaneously considering environmental and social facets. This systematic literature review sought to map out from the company perspective the key topics interrelated with innovation and the circular economy, describing the internal and external factors to consider in such transition processes. Key lines of research were identified, and suggestions for future research and for facilitating movement toward a circular economy are provided. This work contributes to deepening the literature by identifying the priority areas concerning the circular economy and encouraging future research that meets international standards of excellence. 相似文献
37.
Impact of Management Practices on Persistent and Residual Technical Efficiency – a Study of Swedish pig Farming
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Gordana Manevska‐Tasevska Helena Hansson Katarina Labajova 《Managerial and Decision Economics》2017,38(6):890-905
Managerial capacity builds over the years and the accumulated knowledge/practice affect the outcome of the period that follows, with long‐run/permanent effects on inefficiency. Therefore, predictions of the influence of managerial capacity on the time‐varying inefficiency, regularly estimated as overall efficiency, may be biased. This study analyzed the influence of farm management practices on both the persistent and residual efficiency, and evaluated how conclusions drawn about the effect of management practices are assessed if overall efficiency, instead of permanent and residual efficiency, is evaluated. Farm‐accounting data of Swedish pig producers and information from a survey related to managerial practices were used. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
38.
Čierna Helena Sujová Erika Hąbek Patrycja Horská Elena Kapsdorferová Zuzana 《Quality and Quantity》2017,51(3):1305-1320
Quality & Quantity - For an organization to develop, to improve, and to innovate in this information age, it requires a management system that will maximize use of human potential that it has... 相似文献
39.
In this paper, the procedures and problems of the changeover to the euro are reviewed. The legal elements involved are discussed as are the psychological aspects. Various practical problems and proposed solutions are described. The possibility of resistance from the consumers in certain segments of the Member State populations is also addressed. One reason for any such resistance might be that for many citizens, the change of currency appears to have little bearing on their everyday concerns.Particular attention is devoted to the scenario for the period 1 January to 1 July 2002, during which coins and notes in euros and national monetary units can be in circulation at the same time. 相似文献
40.
Concepción?Rey MejíasEmail author Helena?Lenihan Bernadette?O’Regan 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2010,45(1):113-132
The European Treaty supports the application of the polluter pays principle in all environmental policies including the Water
Framework Directive. This paper assesses the efficiency of water-charging systems in two European regions. The regions examined
are the South west region of Ireland and the Navarre region in Spain which were selected because they are similar in terms
of economic indicators but different in terms of water pricing structures. The paper describes the development and application
of a simple model to analyse data on water-charging systems from these two regions. We present the results of a detailed scenario-based
investigation illustrating the differences between experience, composition and basis, impact and constraints on the application
of water charges for both regions. The key findings are that existing water charges do not provide incentives for users to
use water efficiently and thereby do not contribute effectively to the environmental objectives of the Water Framework Directive. 相似文献